Articles | Volume 17, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-6851-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-6851-2025
Data description paper
 | 
05 Dec 2025
Data description paper |  | 05 Dec 2025

Long history paddy rice mapping across Northeast China with deep learning and annualresult enhancement method

Zihui Zhang, Lang Xia, Fen Zhao, Yue Gu, Jing Yang, Yan Zha, Shangrong Wu, and Peng Yang

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Cited articles

Akkem, Y., Biswas, S. K., and Varanasi, A.: Smart farming using artificial intelligence: A review, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 120, 105899, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.105899, 2023. 
Ashourloo, D., Nematollahi, H., Huete, A., Aghighi, H., Azadbakht, M., Shahrabi, H. S., and Goodarzdashti, S.: A new phenology-based method for mapping wheat and barley using time-series of Sentinel-2 images, Remote Sensing of Environment, 280, 113206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.113206, 2022. 
Carrasco, L., Fujita, G., Kito, K., and Miyashita, T.: Historical mapping of rice fields in Japan using phenology and temporally aggregated Landsat images in Google Earth Engine, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 191, 277–289, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2022.07.018, 2022. 
Chen, Z., Xu, H., Jiang, P., Yu, S., Lin, G., Bychkov, I., Hmelnov, A., Ruzhnikov, G., Zhu, N., and Liu, Z.: A transfer Learning-Based LSTM strategy for imputing Large-Scale consecutive missing data and its application in a water quality prediction system, Journal of Hydrology, 602, 126573, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126573, 2021. 
Deines, J. M., Kendall, A. D., Crowley, M. A., Rapp, J., Cardille, J. A., and Hyndman, D. W.: Mapping three decades of annual irrigation across the US High Plains Aquifer using Landsat and Google Earth Engine, Remote Sensing of Environment, 233, 111400, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111400, 2019. 
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Short summary
We utilized multi-source data and a deep learning model to explore the annual mapping of rice for Northeast China from 1985 to 2023. First, a rice training dataset comprising 155 images was created. Then, we developed the annual result enhancement (ARE) method to diminish the impact of the limited training sample. In comparison to traditional rice mapping methods, the accuracy of results obtained using the ARE method is significantly improved.
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