Articles | Volume 17, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-6423-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-6423-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
25 Nov 2025
Data description paper |
| 25 Nov 2025
| 25 Nov 2025
In situ-measured benthic fluxes of dissolved inorganic phosphorus in the Baltic Sea
Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Nils Ekeroth
Sweco Sverige AB, Gjörwellsgatan 22, 112 60 Stockholm, Sweden
Hannah Berk
NIRAS Sweden AB, Hantverkargatan 11B, 112 21 Stockholm, Sweden
Ensucon AB, Stortorget 6, 222 23 Lund, Sweden
Andy W. Dale
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
Mikhail Kononets
Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Research consultant, Gothenburg, Sweden
Wytze K. Lenstra
Department of Microbiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Aada Palo
Ensucon AB, Stortorget 6, 222 23 Lund, Sweden
Anders Tengberg
Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Aanderaa-Xylem, Sanddalsringen 5b, Bergen, Norway
Sebastiaan J. van de Velde
Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Earth Sciences New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
Stefan Sommer
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
Caroline P. Slomp
Department of Microbiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Per O. J. Hall
Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Related authors
Silvia Placitu, Sebastiaan J. van de Velde, Astrid Hylén, Mats Eriksson, Per O. J. Hall, and Steeve Bonneville
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3020, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3020, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Marine sediments store organic carbon and help regulate climate. Oxygen-depleted waters are thought to enhance this, however West Gotland Basin sediments show low carbon despite such conditions. We studied the role of mineral protection, which can shield carbon from microbes, and found it limited. This suggests that without physical protection, carbon remains accessible and gets degraded, making mineral protection a key factor in carbon preservation.
Luna J. J. Geerts, Astrid Hylén, and Filip J. R. Meysman
Biogeosciences, 22, 355–384, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-355-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-355-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Marine enhanced rock weathering (mERW) with olivine is a promising method for capturing CO2 from the atmosphere, yet studies in field conditions are lacking. We bridge the gap between theoretical studies and the real-world environment by estimating the predictability of mERW parameters and identifying aspects to consider when applying mERW. A major source of uncertainty is the lack of experimental studies with sediment, which can heavily influence the speed and efficiency of CO2 drawdown.
Astrid Hylén, Sebastiaan J. van de Velde, Mikhail Kononets, Mingyue Luo, Elin Almroth-Rosell, and Per O. J. Hall
Biogeosciences, 18, 2981–3004, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2981-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2981-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sediments in oxygen-depleted ocean areas release high amounts of phosphorus, feeding algae that consume oxygen upon degradation, leading to further phosphorus release. Oxygenation is thought to trap phosphorus in the sediment and break this feedback. We studied the sediment phosphorus cycle in a previously anoxic area after an inflow of oxic water. Surprisingly, the sediment phosphorus release increased, showing that feedbacks between phosphorus release and oxygen depletion can be hard to break.
Pankan Linsy, Stefan Sommer, Jens Kallmeyer, Simone Bernsee, Florian Scholz, Habeeb Thanveer Kalapurakkal, and Andrew W. Dale
Biogeosciences, 22, 6727–6748, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6727-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6727-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Bottom trawling is a fishing method that disturbs the seafloor and affects marine ecosystems. This study conducted experimental trawling and monitored biogeochemical changes over three weeks. Results showed reduced nutrient and alkalinity fluxes, decreased benthic carbon respiration, and disrupted biogeochemical processes. While the decline in alkalinity had only a minor effect on atmospheric CO2, the study highlights the lasting ecological impacts of bottom trawling.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Hongmei Li, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Kjetil Aas, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Nicolas Bellouin, Alice Benoit-Cattin, Carla F. Berghoff, Raffaele Bernardello, Laurent Bopp, Ida B. M. Brasika, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Nathan O. Collier, Thomas H. Colligan, Margot Cronin, Laique Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Matt P. Enright, Kazutaka Enyo, Michael Erb, Wiley Evans, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Daniel J. Ford, Adrianna Foster, Filippa Fransner, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Jefferson Goncalves De Souza, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Bertrand Guenet, Özgür Gürses, Kirsty Harrington, Ian Harris, Jens Heinke, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Akihiko Ito, Andrew R. Jacobson, Atul K. Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika Jersild, Fei Jiang, Steve D. Jones, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Yawen Kong, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Charles Koven, Taro Kunimitsu, Xin Lan, Junjie Liu, Zhiqiang Liu, Zhu Liu, Claire Lo Monaco, Lei Ma, Gregg Marland, Patrick C. McGuire, Galen A. McKinley, Joe Melton, Natalie Monacci, Erwan Monier, Eric J. Morgan, David R. Munro, Jens D. Müller, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Lorna R. Nayagam, Yosuke Niwa, Tobias Nutzel, Are Olsen, Abdirahman M. Omar, Naiqing Pan, Sudhanshu Pandey, Denis Pierrot, Zhangcai Qin, Pierre A. G. Regnier, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Thais M. Rosan, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, Ingunn Skjelvan, T. Luke Smallman, Victoria Spada, Mohanan G. Sreeush, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Didier Swingedouw, Roland Séférian, Shintaro Takao, Hiroaki Tatebe, Hanqin Tian, Xiangjun Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Erik van Ooijen, Guido van der Werf, Sebastiaan J. van de Velde, Anthony Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Xiaojuan Yang, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-659, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-659, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2025 describes the methodology, main results, and datasets used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land ecosystems, and the ocean over the historical period (1750–2025). These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Tom Huysmans, Filip J. R. Meysman, and Sebastiaan J. van de Velde
Biogeosciences, 22, 5557–5572, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5557-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5557-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
To examine the potential of accelerated weathering of limestone as a CO2 mitigation technique, we describe AWL thermodynamically as a four-step process, thus providing a model framework that allows us to calculate the efficiency of the different steps as well as the overall CO2 sequestration potential. We then review the different reactor designs that have been proposed for the AWL process in recent years and evaluate their efficiency and potential in terms of CO2 emission mitigation capacity.
Caroline P. Slomp, Martijn Hermans, Niels A. G. M. van Helmond, Silke Severmann, James McManus, Marit R. van Erk, and Sairah Malkin
Biogeosciences, 22, 4885–4902, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4885-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4885-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Cable bacteria couple the oxidation of sulfide at depth in sediments with the reduction in oxygen, nitrate, or nitrite near the sediment surface, thereby preventing the release of toxic hydrogen sulfide to the overlying water. We show evidence for a diversity of cable bacteria in sediments from hypoxic and anoxic basins along the continental margin of California and Mexico. Cable bacteria activity in this setting is likely to be periodic and dependent on the supply of organic matter and/or oxygen.
Silvia Placitu, Sebastiaan J. van de Velde, Astrid Hylén, Mats Eriksson, Per O. J. Hall, and Steeve Bonneville
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3020, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3020, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Marine sediments store organic carbon and help regulate climate. Oxygen-depleted waters are thought to enhance this, however West Gotland Basin sediments show low carbon despite such conditions. We studied the role of mineral protection, which can shield carbon from microbes, and found it limited. This suggests that without physical protection, carbon remains accessible and gets degraded, making mineral protection a key factor in carbon preservation.
Robin Klomp, Olga M. Żygadłowska, Mike S. M. Jetten, Véronique E. Oldham, Niels A. G. M. van Helmond, Caroline P. Slomp, and Wytze K. Lenstra
Biogeosciences, 22, 751–765, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-751-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-751-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In marine sediments, dissolved Mn is present as either Mn(III) or Mn(II). We apply a reactive transport model to geochemical data for a seasonally anoxic and sulfidic coastal basin to determine the pathways of formation and removal of dissolved Mn(III) in the sediment. We demonstrate a critical role for reactions with Fe(II) and show evidence for substantial benthic release of dissolved Mn(III). Given the mobility of Mn(III), these findings have important implications for marine Mn cycling.
Luna J. J. Geerts, Astrid Hylén, and Filip J. R. Meysman
Biogeosciences, 22, 355–384, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-355-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-355-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Marine enhanced rock weathering (mERW) with olivine is a promising method for capturing CO2 from the atmosphere, yet studies in field conditions are lacking. We bridge the gap between theoretical studies and the real-world environment by estimating the predictability of mERW parameters and identifying aspects to consider when applying mERW. A major source of uncertainty is the lack of experimental studies with sediment, which can heavily influence the speed and efficiency of CO2 drawdown.
Matthew D. Eisaman, Sonja Geilert, Phil Renforth, Laura Bastianini, James Campbell, Andrew W. Dale, Spyros Foteinis, Patricia Grasse, Olivia Hawrot, Carolin R. Löscher, Greg H. Rau, and Jakob Rønning
State Planet, 2-oae2023, 3, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-3-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-3-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean-alkalinity-enhancement technologies refer to various methods and approaches aimed at increasing the alkalinity of seawater. This chapter explores technologies for increasing ocean alkalinity, including electrochemical-based approaches, ocean liming, accelerated weathering of limestone, hydrated carbonate addition, and coastal enhanced weathering, and suggests best practices in research and development.
Ulf Riebesell, Daniela Basso, Sonja Geilert, Andrew W. Dale, and Matthias Kreuzburg
State Planet, 2-oae2023, 6, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-6-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-6-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Mesocosm experiments represent a highly valuable tool in determining the safe operating space of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) applications. By combining realism and biological complexity with controllability and replication, they provide an ideal OAE test bed and a critical stepping stone towards field applications. Mesocosm approaches can also be helpful in testing the efficacy, efficiency and permanence of OAE applications.
Wout Krijgsman, Iuliana Vasiliev, Anouk Beniest, Timothy Lyons, Johanna Lofi, Gabor Tari, Caroline P. Slomp, Namik Cagatay, Maria Triantaphyllou, Rachel Flecker, Dan Palcu, Cecilia McHugh, Helge Arz, Pierre Henry, Karen Lloyd, Gunay Cifci, Özgür Sipahioglu, Dimitris Sakellariou, and the BlackGate workshop participants
Sci. Dril., 31, 93–110, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-31-93-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-31-93-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
BlackGate seeks to MSP drill a transect to study the impact of dramatic hydrologic change in Mediterranean–Black Sea connectivity by recovering the Messinian to Holocene (~ 7 Myr) sedimentary sequence in the North Aegean, Marmara, and Black seas. These archives will reveal hydrographic, biotic, and climatic transitions studied by a broad scientific community spanning the stratigraphic, tectonic, biogeochemical, and microbiological evolution of Earth’s most recent saline and anoxic giant.
Karol Kuliński, Gregor Rehder, Eero Asmala, Alena Bartosova, Jacob Carstensen, Bo Gustafsson, Per O. J. Hall, Christoph Humborg, Tom Jilbert, Klaus Jürgens, H. E. Markus Meier, Bärbel Müller-Karulis, Michael Naumann, Jørgen E. Olesen, Oleg Savchuk, Andreas Schramm, Caroline P. Slomp, Mikhail Sofiev, Anna Sobek, Beata Szymczycha, and Emma Undeman
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 633–685, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-633-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-633-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The paper covers the aspects related to changes in carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (C, N, P) external loads; their transformations in the coastal zone; changes in organic matter production (eutrophication) and remineralization (oxygen availability); and the role of sediments in burial and turnover of C, N, and P. Furthermore, this paper also focuses on changes in the marine CO2 system, the structure of the microbial community, and the role of contaminants for biogeochemical processes.
Tanya J. R. Lippmann, Michiel H. in 't Zandt, Nathalie N. L. Van der Putten, Freek S. Busschers, Marc P. Hijma, Pieter van der Velden, Tim de Groot, Zicarlo van Aalderen, Ove H. Meisel, Caroline P. Slomp, Helge Niemann, Mike S. M. Jetten, Han A. J. Dolman, and Cornelia U. Welte
Biogeosciences, 18, 5491–5511, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5491-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5491-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is a step towards understanding the basal peat ecosystem beneath the North Sea. Plant remains followed parallel sequences. Methane concentrations were low with local exceptions, with the source likely being trapped pockets of millennia-old methane. Microbial community structure indicated the absence of a biofilter and was diverse across sites. Large carbon stores in the presence of methanogens and in the absence of methanotrophs have the potential to be metabolized into methane.
Sebastiaan J. van de Velde, Dominik Hülse, Christopher T. Reinhard, and Andy Ridgwell
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2713–2745, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2713-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2713-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Biogeochemical interactions between iron and sulfur are central to the long-term biogeochemical evolution of Earth’s oceans. Here, we introduce an iron–sulphur cycle in a model of Earth's oceans. Our analyses show that the results of the model are robust towards parameter choices and that simulated concentrations and reactions are comparable to those observed in ancient ocean analogues (anoxic lakes). Our model represents an important step forward in the study of iron–sulfur cycling.
Astrid Hylén, Sebastiaan J. van de Velde, Mikhail Kononets, Mingyue Luo, Elin Almroth-Rosell, and Per O. J. Hall
Biogeosciences, 18, 2981–3004, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2981-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2981-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sediments in oxygen-depleted ocean areas release high amounts of phosphorus, feeding algae that consume oxygen upon degradation, leading to further phosphorus release. Oxygenation is thought to trap phosphorus in the sediment and break this feedback. We studied the sediment phosphorus cycle in a previously anoxic area after an inflow of oxic water. Surprisingly, the sediment phosphorus release increased, showing that feedbacks between phosphorus release and oxygen depletion can be hard to break.
Gerd Krahmann, Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Andrew W. Dale, Marcus Dengler, Anja Engel, Nicolaas Glock, Patricia Grasse, Johannes Hahn, Helena Hauss, Mark Hopwood, Rainer Kiko, Alexandra Loginova, Carolin R. Löscher, Marie Maßmig, Alexandra-Sophie Roy, Renato Salvatteci, Stefan Sommer, Toste Tanhua, and Hela Mehrtens
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-308, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-308, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
The project "Climate-Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean" (SFB 754) was a multidisciplinary research project active from 2008 to 2019 aimed at a better understanding of the coupling between the tropical climate and ocean circulation and the ocean's oxygen and nutrient balance. On 34 research cruises, mainly in the Southeast Tropical Pacific and the Northeast Tropical Atlantic, 1071 physical, chemical and biological data sets were collected.
Sebastiaan J. van de Velde, Rebecca K. James, Ine Callebaut, Silvia Hidalgo-Martinez, and Filip J. R. Meysman
Biogeosciences, 18, 1451–1461, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1451-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1451-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Some 540 Myr ago, animal life evolved in the ocean. Previous research suggested that when these early animals started inhabiting the seafloor, they retained phosphorus in the seafloor, thereby limiting photosynthesis in the ocean. We studied salt marsh sediments with and without animals and found that their impact on phosphorus retention is limited, which implies that their impact on the global environment might have been less drastic than previously assumed.
Martijn Hermans, Nils Risgaard-Petersen, Filip J. R. Meysman, and Caroline P. Slomp
Biogeosciences, 17, 5919–5938, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5919-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5919-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper demonstrates that the recently discovered cable bacteria are capable of using a mineral, known as siderite, as a source for the formation of iron oxides. This work also demonstrates that the activity of cable bacteria can lead to a distinct subsurface layer in the sediment that can be used as a marker for their activity.
Cited articles
Bittig, H. C., Körtzinger, A., Neill, C., van Ooijen, E., Plant, J. N., Hahn, J., Johnson, K. S., Yang, B., and Emerson, S. R.: Oxygen Optode Sensors: Principle, Characterization, Calibration, and Application in the Ocean, Frontiers in Marine Science, 4, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00429, 2018.
Bonaglia, S., Hylén, A., Rattray, J. E., Kononets, M. Y., Ekeroth, N., Roos, P., Thamdrup, B., Brüchert, V., and Hall, P. O. J.: The fate of fixed nitrogen in marine sediments with low organic loading: an in situ study, Biogeosciences, 14, 285–300, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-285-2017, 2017.
Carstensen, J., Andersen, J. H., Gustafsson, B. G., and Conley, D. J.: Deoxygenation of the Baltic Sea during the last century, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 5628–5633, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323156111, 2014.
Carstensen, J., Conley, D. J., Almroth-Rosell, E., Asmala, E., Bonsdorff, E., Fleming-Lehtinen, V., Gustafsson, B. G., Gustafsson, C., Heiskanen, A.-S., Janas, U., Norkko, A., Slomp, C. P., Villnäs, A., Voss, M., and Zilius, M.: Factors regulating the coastal nutrient filter in the Baltic Sea, Ambio, 49, 1194–1210, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01282-y, 2020.
Conley, D. J., Björck, S., Bonsdorff, E., Carstensen, J., Destouni, G., Gustafsson, B. G., Hietanen, S., Kortekaas, M., Kuosa, H., Meier, H. E. M., Müller-Karulis, B., Nordberg, K., Norkko, A., Nürnberg, G., Pitkänen, H., Rabalais, N. N., Rosenberg, R., Savchuk, O. P., Slomp, C. P., Voss, M., Wulff, F., and Zillén, L.: Hypoxia-related processes in the Baltic Sea, Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 3412–3420, https://doi.org/10.1021/es802762a, 2009.
Danielsson, Å., Jönsson, A., and Rahm, L.: Resuspension patterns in the Baltic proper, Journal of Sea Research, 57, 257–269, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2006.07.005, 2007.
Eilola, K., Meier, H. E. M., Almroth-Rosell, E., and Höglund, A.: Transports and budgets of oxygen and phosphorus in the Baltic Sea, SMHI, Oceanografi 96 , 50 pp., 2008.
Ekeroth, N., Kononets, M. Y., Walve, J., Blomqvist, S., and Hall, P. O. J.: Effects of oxygen on recycling of biogenic elements from sediments of a stratified coastal Baltic Sea basin, Journal of Marine Systems, 154, 206–219, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.10.005, 2016a.
Ekeroth, N., Blomqvist, S., and Hall, P. O. J.: Nutrient fluxes from reduced Baltic Sea sediment: effects of oxygenation and macrobenthos, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 544, 77–92, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11592%2520MARINE, 2016b.
EMODnet Bathymetry Consortium: EMODnet Digital Bathymetry, EMODnet [data set], https://doi.org/10.12770/CF51DF64-56F9-4A99-B1AA-36B8D7B743A1, 2022.
Fischer, H. and Matthäus, W.: The importance of the Drogden Sill in the Sound for major Baltic inflows, Journal of Marine Systems, 9, 137–157, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(96)00046-2, 1996.
Gustafsson, B. G., Schenk, F., Blenckner, T., Eilola, K. J., Meier, H. E. M., Müller-Karulis, B., Neumann, T., Ruoho-Airola, T., Savchuk, O. P., and Zorita, E.: Reconstructing the development of Baltic Sea eutrophication 1850–2006, Ambio, 41, 534–548, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0318-x, 2012.
Gustafsson, E., Savchuk, O. P., Gustafsson, B. G., and Müller-Karulis, B.: Key processes in the coupled carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling of the Baltic Sea, Biogeochemistry, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-017-0361-6, 2017.
Hall, P. O. J., Almroth-Rosell, E., Bonaglia, S., Dale, A. W., Hylén, A., Kononets, M. Y., Nilsson, M. M., Sommer, S., van de Velde, S. J., and Viktorsson, L.: Influence of Natural Oxygenation of Baltic Proper Deep Water on Benthic Recycling and Removal of Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Silicon and Carbon, Frontiers in Marine Science, 4, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00027, 2017.
Hansson, M. and Viktorsson, L.: Oxygen Survey in the Baltic Sea 2021 – Extent of Anoxia and Hypoxia, 1960–2021, SMHI, Gothenburg, Sweden, Report Oceanography 72, 90 pp., ISSN 0283-1112, 2021.
Hansson, M. and Viktorsson, L.: Oxygen Survey in the Baltic Sea 2022 – Extent of Anoxia and Hypoxia, 1960–2022, SMHI, Report Oceanography 74, 92 pp., ISSN 0283-1112, 2023.
HELCOM (The Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission): HELCOM Thematic assessment of eutrophication 2011–-2016, HELCOM, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 156, 83 pp., ISSN:0357-2994, 2018a.
HELCOM (The Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission): Input of nutrients by the seven biggest rivers in the Baltic Sea region, HELCOM, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 163, 31 pp., ISSN: 0357-2994, 2018b.
HELCOM (The Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission): HELCOM Thematic assessment of eutrophication 2016–-2021, HELCOM, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 192, 53 pp., ISSN: 0357-2994, 2023.
HELCOM (The Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission): HELCOM subbasins with coastal WFD waterbodies or watertypes 2022 (level 4a) [data set], https://metadata.helcom.fi/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/67d653b1-aad1-4af4-920e-0683af3c4a48, 2022a.
HELCOM (The Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission): PLC Subbasins [data set], https://metadata.helcom.fi/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/1456f8a5-72a2-4327-8894-31287086ebb5, 2022b.
Hermans, M., Lenstra, W. K., Hidalgo-Martinez, S., van Helmond, N. A. G. M., Witbaard, R., Meysman, F. J. R., Gonzalez, S., and Slomp, C. P.: Abundance and Biogeochemical Impact of Cable Bacteria in Baltic Sea Sediments, Environmental Science & Technology, 53, 7494–7503, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01665, 2019.
Hurvich, C. M. and Tsai, C.-L.: Regression and Time Series Model Selection in Small Samples, Biometrika, 76, 297–307, 1989.
Hylén, A. and van de Velde, S.: FLUXER, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.14758688, 2025.
Hylén, A., van de Velde, S. J., Kononets, M., Luo, M., Almroth-Rosell, E., and Hall, P. O. J.: Deep-water inflow event increases sedimentary phosphorus release on a multi-year scale, Biogeosciences, 18, 2981–3004, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2981-2021, 2021.
Hylén, A., Ekeroth, N., Dale, A., Kononets, M., Lenstra, W., Tengberg, A., van de Velde, S., Sommer, S., Slomp, C., and Hall, P.: In situ measured benthic fluxes of dissolved inorganic phosphorus in the Baltic Sea, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.14812160, 2025.
Janssen, F., Huettel, M., and Witte, U.: Pore-water advection and solute fluxes in permeable marine sediments (II): Benthic respiration at three sandy sites with different permeabilities (German Bight, North Sea), Limnology and Oceanography, 50, 779–792, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2005.50.3.0779, 2005.
Jilbert, T., Slomp, C. P., Gustafsson, B. G., and Boer, W.: Beyond the Fe-P-redox connection: preferential regeneration of phosphorus from organic matter as a key control on Baltic Sea nutrient cycles, Biogeosciences, 8, 1699–1720, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1699-2011, 2011.
Jonsson, P., Carman, R., and Wulff, F.: Laminated Sediments in the Baltic: A Tool for Evaluating Nutrient Mass Balances, Ambio, 19, 152–158, https://doi.org/10.2307/4313681, 1990.
Kaskela, A. M., Kotilainen, A. T., Alanen, U., Cooper, R., Green, S., Guinan, J., van Heteren, S., Kihlman, S., Van Lancker, V., Stevenson, A., and the EMODnet Geology Partners: Picking Up the Pieces – Harmonising and Collating Seabed Substrate Data for European Maritime Areas, Geosciences, 9, 84, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9020084, 2019.
Kononets, M. Y., Tengberg, A., Nilsson, M. M., Ekeroth, N., Hylén, A., van de Velde, S. J., Rütting, T., Bonaglia, S., Blomqvist, S., and Hall, P. O. J.: In situ incubations with Gothenburg benthic chamber landers: Applications and quality control, Journal of Marine Systems, 214, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2020.103475, 2021.
Koroleff, F.: Determination of nutrients, in: Methods of seawater analysis, edited by: Grasshoff, K., Ehrhardt, M., and Kremling, K., Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 125–187, ISBN 3527259988, 1983.
Kuliński, K., Rehder, G., Asmala, E., Bartosova, A., Carstensen, J., Gustafsson, B., Hall, P. O. J., Humborg, C., Jilbert, T., Jürgens, K., Meier, H. E. M., Müller-Karulis, B., Naumann, M., Olesen, J. E., Savchuk, O., Schramm, A., Slomp, C. P., Sofiev, M., Sobek, A., Szymczycha, B., and Undeman, E.: Biogeochemical functioning of the Baltic Sea, Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 633–685, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-633-2022, 2022.
Leipe, T., Tauber, F., Vallius, H., Virtasalo, J. J., Uścinowicz, S., Kowalski, N., Hille, S., Lindgren, S., and Myllyvirta, T.: Particulate organic carbon (POC) in surface sediments of the Baltic Sea, Geo-Marine Letters, 31, 175–188, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-010-0223-x, 2011.
Lenstra, W. K., Hermans, M., Séguret, M. J. M., Witbaard, R., Severmann, S., and Slomp, C. P.: Coastal hypoxia and eutrophication as key controls on benthic release and water column dynamics of iron and manganese in the Baltic Sea, Limnology and Oceanography, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11644, 2021.
Leppäranta, M. and Myrberg, K.: Topography and hydrography of the Baltic Sea, in: Physical Oceanography of the Baltic Sea, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 41–88, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79703-6_3, 2009.
Meier, H. E. M.: Modeling the pathways and ages of inflowing salt- and freshwater in the Baltic Sea, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 74, 610–627, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.05.019, 2007.
Miltner, A. and Emeis, K. C.: Terrestrial organic matter in surface sediments of the baltic sea, Northwest Europe, as determined by CuO oxidation, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65, 1285–1299, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00603-7, 2001.
Mitchell, P. J., Spence, M. A., Aldridge, J., Kotilainen, A. T., and Diesing, M.: Sedimentation rates in the Baltic Sea: A machine learning approach, Continental Shelf Research, 214, 104325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2020.104325, 2021.
Nilsson, M. M., Kononets, M. Y., Ekeroth, N., Viktorsson, L., Hylén, A., Sommer, S., Pfannkuche, O., Almroth-Rosell, E., Atamanchuk, D., Andersson, H. J., Roos, P., Tengberg, A., and Hall, P. O. J.: Organic carbon recycling in Baltic Sea sediments – An integrated estimate on the system scale based on in situ measurements, Marine Chemistry, 209, 81–93, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2018.11.004, 2019.
Nilsson, M. M., Hylén, A., Ekeroth, N., Kononets, M. Y., Viktorsson, L., Almroth-Rosell, E., Roos, P., Tengberg, A., and Hall, P. O. J.: Particle shuttling and oxidation capacity of sedimentary organic carbon on the Baltic Sea system scale, Marine Chemistry, 232, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2021.103963, 2021.
Noffke, A., Sommer, S., Dale, A. W., Hall, P. O. J., and Pfannkuche, O.: Benthic nutrient fluxes in the Eastern Gotland Basin (Baltic Sea) with particular focus on microbial mat ecosystems, Journal of Marine Systems, 158, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.01.007, 2016.
Novotny, K., Liebsch, G., Lehmann, A., and Dietrich, R.: Variability of sea surface heights in the Baltic Sea: An intercomparison of observations and model simulations, Marine Geodesy, 29, 113–134, https://doi.org/10.1080/01490410600738054, 2006.
Reusch, T. B. H., Dierking, J., Andersson, H. C., Bonsdorff, E., Carstensen, J., Casini, M., Czajkowski, M., Hasler, B., Hinsby, K., Hyytiäinen, K., Johannesson, K., Jomaa, S., Jormalainen, V., Kuosa, H., Kurland, S., Ojaveer, H., Refsgaard, J. C., Sandström, A., Schwarz, G., Laikre, L., MacKenzie, B. R., Margonski, P., Melzner, F., Oesterwind, D., Ojaveer, H., Refsgaard, J. C., Sandström, A., Schwarz, G., Tonderski, K., Winder, M., and Zandersen, M.: The Baltic Sea as a time machine for the future coastal ocean, Science Advances, 4, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar8195, 2018.
Ruttenberg, K. C.: The Global Phosphorus Cycle, in: Treatise on Geochemistry (2nd Edn.), edited by: Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K., Elsevier, Oxford, 499–558, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00813-5, 2014.
Savchuk, O. P.: Large-scale nutrient dynamics in the Baltic Sea, 1970–2016, Frontiers in Marine Science, 5, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00095, 2018.
Savchuk, O. P., Wulff, F., Hille, S., Humborg, C., and Pollehne, F.: The Baltic Sea a century ago – a reconstruction from model simulations, verified by observations, Journal of Marine Systems, 74, 485–494, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.03.008, 2008.
Schneider, B. and Kuss, J.: Past and present productivity of the Baltic Sea as inferred from pCO2 data, Continental Shelf Research, 24, 1611–1622, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2004.06.023, 2004.
Slomp, C. P.: Phosphorus Cycling in the Estuarine and Coastal Zones, in: Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science, Elsevier, 201–229, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374711-2.00506-4, 2011.
Slomp, C. P., Mort, H. P., Jilbert, T., Reed, D. C., Gustafsson, B. G., and Wolthers, M.: Coupled Dynamics of Iron and Phosphorus in Sediments of an Oligotrophic Coastal Basin and the Impact of Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane, PLoS ONE, 8, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062386, 2013.
Snoeijs-Leijonmalm, P., Schubert, H., and Radziejewska, T. (Eds.): Biological Oceanography of the Baltic Sea, Springer, 696 pp., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0668-2, 2017.
Sommer, S., Pfannkuche, O., Linke, P., Luff, R., Greinert, J., Drews, M., Gubsch, S., Pieper, M., Poser, M., and Viergutz, T.: Efficiency of the benthic filter: Biological control of the emission of dissolved methane from sediments containing shallow gas hydrates at Hydrate Ridge, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002389, 2006.
Sommer, S., Clemens, D., Yücel, M., Pfannkuche, O., Hall, P. O. J., Almroth-Rosell, E., Schulz-Vogt, H. N., and Dale, A. W.: Major Bottom Water Ventilation Events Do Not Significantly Reduce Basin-Wide Benthic N and P Release in the Eastern Gotland Basin (Baltic Sea), Frontiers in Marine Science, 4, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00018, 2017.
Sundby, B., Anderson, L. G., Hall, P. O. J., Iverfeldt, Å., van der Loeff, M. M. R., and Westerlund, S. F. G.: The effect of oxygen on release and uptake of cobalt, manganese, iron and phosphate at the sediment-water interface, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50, 1281–1288, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90411-4, 1986.
Tengberg, A., Ståhl, H., Gust, G., Müller, V., Arning, U., Andersson, H. J., Hall, P. O. J., and Stahl, H.: Intercalibration of benthic flux chambers I. Accuracy of flux measurements and influence of chamber hydrodynamics, Progress in Oceanography, 60, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2003.12.001, 2004.
Tengberg, A., Hall, P. O. J., Andersson, U., Lindén, B., Styrenius, O., Boland, G., de Bovee, F., Carlsson, B., Ceradini, S., Devol, A., Duineveld, G., Friemann, J.-U., Glud, R. N., Khripounoff, A., Leather, J., Linke, P., Lund-Hansen, L., Rowe, G., Santschi, P., de Wilde, P., and Witte, U.: Intercalibration of benthic flux chambers: II. Hydrodynamic characterization and flux comparisons of 14 different designs, Marine Chemistry, 94, 147–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2004.07.014, 2005.
Tengberg, A., Hovdenes, J., Andersson, H. J., Brocandel, O., Diaz, R. J., Hebert, D., Arnerich, T., Huber, C., Körtzinger, A., Khripounoff, A., Rey, F., Rönning, C., Schimanski, J., Sommer, S., and Stangelmayer, A.: Evaluation of a lifetime-based optode to measure oxygen in aquatic systems, Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 4, 7–17, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2006.4.7, 2006.
Turnewitsch, R. and Pohl, C.: An estimate of the efficiency of the iron- and manganese-driven dissolved inorganic phosphorus trap at an oxic/euxinic water column redoxcline, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 24, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003820, 2010.
Vahtera, E., Conley, D. J., Gustafsson, B. G., Kuosa, H., Pitkänen, H., Savchuk, O. P., Tamminen, T., Viitasalo, M., Voss, M., Wasmund, N., and Wulff, F.: Internal ecosystem feedbacks enhance nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria blooms and complicate management in the Baltic Sea, AMBIO, 36, 186–194, https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[186:IEFENC]2.0.CO;2, 2007.
van de Velde, S. J., Hylén, A., Eriksson, M., James, R. K., Kononets, M. Y., Robertson, E. K., and Hall, P. O. J.: Exceptionally high respiration rates in the reactive surface layer of sediments underlying oxygen-deficient bottom waters, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 479, 20230189, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2023.0189, 2023.
van Helmond, N. A. G. M., Robertson, E. K., Conley, D. J., Hermans, M., Humborg, C., Kubeneck, L. J., Lenstra, W. K., and Slomp, C. P.: Removal of phosphorus and nitrogen in sediments of the eutrophic Stockholm archipelago, Baltic Sea, Biogeosciences, 17, 2745–2766, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2745-2020, 2020.
Viktorsson, L., Almroth-Rosell, E., Tengberg, A., Vankevich, R., Neelov, I., Isaev, A., Kravtsov, V., and Hall, P. O. J.: Benthic Phosphorus Dynamics in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, Aquatic Geochemistry, 18, 543–564, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-011-9155-y, 2012.
Viktorsson, L., Ekeroth, N., Nilsson, M., Kononets, M., and Hall, P. O. J.: Phosphorus recycling in sediments of the central Baltic Sea, Biogeosciences, 10, 3901–3916, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3901-2013, 2013.
Witbaard, R., Duineveld, G. C. A., Van der Weele, J. A., Berghuis, E. M., and Reyss, J. P.: The benthic response to the seasonal deposition of phytopigments at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain in the North East Atlantic, Journal of Sea Research, 43, 15–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-1101(99)00040-4, 2000.
Zillén, L., Conley, D. J., Andrén, T., Andrén, E., and Björck, S.: Past occurrences of hypoxia in the Baltic Sea and the role of climate variability, environmental change and human impact, Earth-Science Reviews, 91, 77–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.10.001, 2008.
Short summary
Phosphorus is an essential element for life and its cycling strongly impact primary production. Here, we present a dataset of sediment-water fluxes of dissolved inorganic phosphorus from the Baltic Sea, an area with a long history of eutrophication. The fluxes were measured in situ with three types of benthic chamber landers at 59 stations over 20 years. The data show clear spatial patterns and will be important for marine management and studies on mechanisms in benthic phosphorus cycling.
Phosphorus is an essential element for life and its cycling strongly impact primary production....
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint