This study has been done within the framework of JAE INTRO-ICU fellowship of the Instituto Español de Oceanografía, with an interest in understanding the interaction between the ocean and atmosphere in a climate change context using experimental measurements aboard research vessels over Spanish waters. The distinct behaviour in the different basins of the Spanish waters is reflected, and the need for further investment in experimental observations due to its great usefulness is also evidenced.

To support comparative hydrology and climate impact research, we present a large-sample dataset with hourly and daily streamflow and hydrometeorological data from 369 catchments across Aotearoa New Zealand. It includes detailed catchment attributes and represents diverse hydrological regimes. This open-access resource enables model evaluation and international comparisons and helps fill a key regional gap in global hydrological data.

Atmospheric aerosols adversely affect human health, with East Asia recognized as one of the most impacted regions. This study presents a long-term (2011–2021), high spatiotemporal resolution aerosol optical depth dataset retrieved from a geostationary satellite over East Asia. The high-resolution data capture subtle aerosol gradients and land-ocean boundaries, providing valuable input for various fields such as aerosol-cloud interaction, climate change, ocean optics, and air quality studies.

A GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) Ground Validation field campaign in Connecticut collected high-resolution microphysical and radar observations of winter precipitation. This field campaign was unique because there was a wide-ranging suite of instruments capable of observing all phases of precipitation co-located with comparable measurements. The observations provide an opportunity to verify and understand complex winter precipitation events through satellite data, microphysical processes, and numerical model simulations.

Millions of aerial photographs represent an enormous resource for geoscientists. In this study, we used freely available historical stereo images covering Switzerland (1979–2006) to derive four countrywide digital elevation models (DSMs) at a 1 m spatial resolution. Our DSMs achieved sub-metric accuracy compared to reference data and high image matching completeness, demonstrating the feasibility of capturing surface change at a high spatial resolution over different land cover classes.

Spotgins is a cooperative of several research groups producing a consistent and high-quality set of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) daily position time series. Each group contributes to the global network using the same processing. The Spotgins series are valuable for the understanding of subtle deformations of the Earth's surface at the millimeter level that include tectonics, earthquakes, ground subsidence, post-glacial rebound, hydrological loading, and volcanic deformation.

We created a reliable dataset of atmospheric water vapor from China's coastal stations (2009–2019), validated against global models and radiosonde data. The study highlights strong links between water vapor and sea surface temperature, aiding understanding of weather, extreme events, and climate change. This dataset supports improved forecasting and climate research.

This study presents 25 years of carefully processed gravity measurements from western France, offering a unique dataset to support investigations of long-term land motion and sea level change. The data are consistent with satellite-based observations and are made available for use in future geophysical and climate-related research.

We present here a unique dataset of atmospheric observations of greenhouse gases and isotopes that provide key information on land-atmosphere interactions for the Amazon forests of central Brazil. The data show a relatively large level of variability, but also important trends in greenhouse gases, and signals from fires as well as seasonal biological activity.

Our study created a unique database that tracks vegetation health across Spain and the Balearic Islands from 1981 to now, updated every two weeks. By using satellite images from multiple sources, we provide accurate and consistent data that helps detect changes in vegetation due to factors like fires. This tool is crucial for farmers, environmental managers, and policymakers to monitor and protect plant life, ensuring better management of natural resources and agricultural productivity.

Atmospheric observations show that free tropospheric ozone has increased across the Northern Hemisphere over the past three decades. The sources driving this increase remain unclear. In this study, we developed a source-receptor relationship database combining multiplatform ozone data and advanced atmospheric transport modeling. This database can identify emission regions responsible for ozone increases and can also be used to analyze other co-observed atmospheric constituents.

The global air pollution emission mosaic HTAP_v3.2 is the state-of-the-art inventory to address the evolution of a set of policy-relevant pollutants over the past 2 decades. The mosaic is made harmonising and blending seven regional inventories, gapfilled with the most recent release of the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research. By incorporating the best available local information, the HTAP_v3.2 emission mosaic can be used for policy-relevant studies at regional and global level.

This work presents a comprehensive Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) climate dataset, covering up to 22 years and over 5085 globaly-distributed stations. The data enables the monitoring of atmospheric humidity and circulation, which is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of climate change and climate extremes. Through rigorous quality control, assessment and comparison with trusted sources, the dataset supports better weather forecasting, climate monitoring, and risk assessment.

This article explains how the Nansen Legacy project managed data from over 300 researchers and 20 expeditions in the northern Barents Sea. Shared rules for collecting samples kept the data consistent, and a searchable catalogue was provided details of the data collected on each cruise. The project also required early sharing and publishing of data in formats that computers can read and use, helping to maximise their impact. These approaches can guide future large research projects.