Articles | Volume 15, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1501-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1501-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Twenty-meter annual paddy rice area map for mainland Southeast Asia using Sentinel-1 synthetic-aperture-radar data
Chunling Sun
Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development
Goals, Beijing 100094, China
College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Hong Zhang
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development
Goals, Beijing 100094, China
College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development
Goals, Beijing 100094, China
Ji Ge
Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development
Goals, Beijing 100094, China
College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Jingling Jiang
Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development
Goals, Beijing 100094, China
College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Lijun Zuo
Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development
Goals, Beijing 100094, China
Chao Wang
Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information
Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development
Goals, Beijing 100094, China
College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Cited
43 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Decline in Planting Areas of Double-Season Rice by Half in Southern China over the Last Two Decades W. Zhu et al.
- ICIS: Intelligent and Label-Free crop identifying using Multi-Source time series and model transfer S. Rina et al.
- Mapping annual 30-m paddy rice yield for different cropping systems in mainland Southeast Asia from 2001 to 2021 S. Huan et al.
- ChinaRiceCalendar – seasonal crop calendars for early-, middle-, and late-season rice in China H. Li et al.
- Assessing the recurrent neural network approach for identifying rice fields using C-band synthetic aperture radar data in Indramayu Regency, Indonesia A. Lestari et al.
- Large-scale and high-resolution paddy rice intensity mapping using downscaling and phenology-based algorithms on Google Earth Engine L. Meng et al.
- Mapping rice paddy and cropping intensity by integrating phenology, machine learning, and multi-source satellite images in East and Southeast Asia J. Jin et al.
- Challenges in the evaluation of earth observation products: Accuracy assessment case study using convolutional neural networks T. Prantl et al.
- Widespread land surface cooling from paddy rice cultivation revealed by global satellite mapping W. Weng et al.
- Mapping Ratoon Rice Fields Based on SAR Time Series and Phenology Data in Cloudy Regions Y. Li et al.
- Rice yield prediction using radar vegetation indices from Sentinel-1 data and multiscale one-dimensional convolutional long- and short-term memory network model C. Sun et al.
- An Optimized Semi-Supervised Generative Adversarial Network Rice Extraction Method Based on Time-Series Sentinel Images L. Du et al.
- High-resolution maps of rice cropping intensity across Southeast Asia F. Ginting et al.
- Generating an annual 30 m rice cover product for monsoon Asia (2018–2023) using harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 data and the NASA-IBM geospatial foundation model H. Fang et al.
- EARice10: a 10 m resolution annual rice distribution map of East Asia for 2023 M. Song et al.
- The 20 m Africa rice distribution map of 2023 J. Jiang et al.
- Lightweight dual-encoder deep learning integrating Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 for paddy field mapping B. Wijaya et al.
- Cropland Data Extraction in Mekong Delta Based on Time Series Sentinel-1 Dual-Polarized Data J. Jiang et al.
- Field-Scale Rice Area and Yield Mapping in Sri Lanka with Optical Remote Sensing and Limited Training Data M. Özdoğan et al.
- Long history paddy rice mapping across Northeast China with deep learning and annualresult enhancement method Z. Zhang et al.
- Remote sensing for crop mapping: A perspective on current and future crop-specific land cover data products C. Zhang et al.
- Integrating Sentinel-1 data and machine learning for effective paddy field monitoring in Cauvery Delta Zone, Tamil Nadu, India J. Niraimathi & S. Saravanan
- Tropical Rice Mapping Using Time-Series SAR Images and ESF-Seg Model in Hainan, China, from 2019 to 2023 Y. Xie et al.
- Major grain crop mapping in Northeast China using sample generation method and ensemble learning X. Hu et al.
- A comprehensive review of rice mapping from satellite data: Algorithms, product characteristics and consistency assessment H. Fang et al.
- Estimating Rice Cropping Area and Analyzing Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Jiangsu Province Using Multispectral Satellite Imagery K. Solangi et al.
- Plant disease mapping in paddy growing stages using remotely sensed data M. Safari & A. Malian
- Mapping Paddy Rice Cropping Intensity and Planting Dates in Monsoon Asia at 20 m Resolution during 2018–2021 from Multi-source Satellite Data Y. Chen et al.
- Large-scale rice mapping under spatiotemporal heterogeneity using multi-temporal SAR images and explainable deep learning J. Ge et al.
- A hierarchy framework for automatic mapping complex rice cropping patterns: National-scale annual datasets of ChinaCP-Rice10m during 2019–2024 Y. Huang et al.
- Multisensor Mapping of Land Use/Land Cover Pattern in Mangrove Ecosystems: A Case Study in Cần Giờ Biosphere Reserve, Vietnam E. Valentini et al.
- GloRice, a global rice database (v1.0): I. Gridded paddy rice annual distribution from 1961 to 2021 H. Xie et al.
- Sample-free automated mapping of double-season rice in China using Sentinel-1 SAR imagery X. Zhang et al.
- Full cycle rice growth monitoring with dual-pol SAR data and interpretable deep learning J. Ge et al.
- CCD-Rice: a long-term paddy rice distribution dataset in China at 30 m resolution R. Shen et al.
- Recognition of multi-season rice in a complex tropical agronomy zone using time-series SAR data: a case study of Hainan, China L. Xu et al.
- Spatial domain transfer: Cross-regional paddy rice mapping with a few samples based on Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data on GEE L. Sun et al.
- Pixel time series-based quantification and validation to improve spatiotemporal analysis of land cover data J. Jamaludin et al.
- Mapping County-Level Rice Planting Areas by Joint Use of High-Resolution Optical and Time Series SAR Imagery J. Xu et al.
- GTGRI: a Gaussian time-weighted growth rate index for multi-season paddy rice mapping in diverse climates with dense SAR time series D. Liu et al.
- A CNN-RF Hybrid Approach for Rice Paddy Fields Mapping in Indramayu Using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Data D. Sudiana et al.
- Phenology-Aligned multi-task temporal fusion framework for satellite-based triple-seasonal rice yield estimation in Southeast Asia Z. Lin et al.
- A Two-Step Method for Monitoring Annual Paddy Rice Planted Area in Tropical Region by Integrating Rice Identification and Cropping Intensity Estimation J. Li et al.
43 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Decline in Planting Areas of Double-Season Rice by Half in Southern China over the Last Two Decades W. Zhu et al.
- ICIS: Intelligent and Label-Free crop identifying using Multi-Source time series and model transfer S. Rina et al.
- Mapping annual 30-m paddy rice yield for different cropping systems in mainland Southeast Asia from 2001 to 2021 S. Huan et al.
- ChinaRiceCalendar – seasonal crop calendars for early-, middle-, and late-season rice in China H. Li et al.
- Assessing the recurrent neural network approach for identifying rice fields using C-band synthetic aperture radar data in Indramayu Regency, Indonesia A. Lestari et al.
- Large-scale and high-resolution paddy rice intensity mapping using downscaling and phenology-based algorithms on Google Earth Engine L. Meng et al.
- Mapping rice paddy and cropping intensity by integrating phenology, machine learning, and multi-source satellite images in East and Southeast Asia J. Jin et al.
- Challenges in the evaluation of earth observation products: Accuracy assessment case study using convolutional neural networks T. Prantl et al.
- Widespread land surface cooling from paddy rice cultivation revealed by global satellite mapping W. Weng et al.
- Mapping Ratoon Rice Fields Based on SAR Time Series and Phenology Data in Cloudy Regions Y. Li et al.
- Rice yield prediction using radar vegetation indices from Sentinel-1 data and multiscale one-dimensional convolutional long- and short-term memory network model C. Sun et al.
- An Optimized Semi-Supervised Generative Adversarial Network Rice Extraction Method Based on Time-Series Sentinel Images L. Du et al.
- High-resolution maps of rice cropping intensity across Southeast Asia F. Ginting et al.
- Generating an annual 30 m rice cover product for monsoon Asia (2018–2023) using harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 data and the NASA-IBM geospatial foundation model H. Fang et al.
- EARice10: a 10 m resolution annual rice distribution map of East Asia for 2023 M. Song et al.
- The 20 m Africa rice distribution map of 2023 J. Jiang et al.
- Lightweight dual-encoder deep learning integrating Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 for paddy field mapping B. Wijaya et al.
- Cropland Data Extraction in Mekong Delta Based on Time Series Sentinel-1 Dual-Polarized Data J. Jiang et al.
- Field-Scale Rice Area and Yield Mapping in Sri Lanka with Optical Remote Sensing and Limited Training Data M. Özdoğan et al.
- Long history paddy rice mapping across Northeast China with deep learning and annualresult enhancement method Z. Zhang et al.
- Remote sensing for crop mapping: A perspective on current and future crop-specific land cover data products C. Zhang et al.
- Integrating Sentinel-1 data and machine learning for effective paddy field monitoring in Cauvery Delta Zone, Tamil Nadu, India J. Niraimathi & S. Saravanan
- Tropical Rice Mapping Using Time-Series SAR Images and ESF-Seg Model in Hainan, China, from 2019 to 2023 Y. Xie et al.
- Major grain crop mapping in Northeast China using sample generation method and ensemble learning X. Hu et al.
- A comprehensive review of rice mapping from satellite data: Algorithms, product characteristics and consistency assessment H. Fang et al.
- Estimating Rice Cropping Area and Analyzing Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Jiangsu Province Using Multispectral Satellite Imagery K. Solangi et al.
- Plant disease mapping in paddy growing stages using remotely sensed data M. Safari & A. Malian
- Mapping Paddy Rice Cropping Intensity and Planting Dates in Monsoon Asia at 20 m Resolution during 2018–2021 from Multi-source Satellite Data Y. Chen et al.
- Large-scale rice mapping under spatiotemporal heterogeneity using multi-temporal SAR images and explainable deep learning J. Ge et al.
- A hierarchy framework for automatic mapping complex rice cropping patterns: National-scale annual datasets of ChinaCP-Rice10m during 2019–2024 Y. Huang et al.
- Multisensor Mapping of Land Use/Land Cover Pattern in Mangrove Ecosystems: A Case Study in Cần Giờ Biosphere Reserve, Vietnam E. Valentini et al.
- GloRice, a global rice database (v1.0): I. Gridded paddy rice annual distribution from 1961 to 2021 H. Xie et al.
- Sample-free automated mapping of double-season rice in China using Sentinel-1 SAR imagery X. Zhang et al.
- Full cycle rice growth monitoring with dual-pol SAR data and interpretable deep learning J. Ge et al.
- CCD-Rice: a long-term paddy rice distribution dataset in China at 30 m resolution R. Shen et al.
- Recognition of multi-season rice in a complex tropical agronomy zone using time-series SAR data: a case study of Hainan, China L. Xu et al.
- Spatial domain transfer: Cross-regional paddy rice mapping with a few samples based on Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data on GEE L. Sun et al.
- Pixel time series-based quantification and validation to improve spatiotemporal analysis of land cover data J. Jamaludin et al.
- Mapping County-Level Rice Planting Areas by Joint Use of High-Resolution Optical and Time Series SAR Imagery J. Xu et al.
- GTGRI: a Gaussian time-weighted growth rate index for multi-season paddy rice mapping in diverse climates with dense SAR time series D. Liu et al.
- A CNN-RF Hybrid Approach for Rice Paddy Fields Mapping in Indramayu Using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Data D. Sudiana et al.
- Phenology-Aligned multi-task temporal fusion framework for satellite-based triple-seasonal rice yield estimation in Southeast Asia Z. Lin et al.
- A Two-Step Method for Monitoring Annual Paddy Rice Planted Area in Tropical Region by Integrating Rice Identification and Cropping Intensity Estimation J. Li et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 28 Apr 2026
Short summary
Over 90 % of the world’s rice is produced in the Asia–Pacific region. In this study, a rice-mapping method based on Sentinel-1 data for mainland Southeast Asia is proposed. A combination of spatiotemporal features with strong generalization is selected and input into the U-Net model to obtain a 20 m resolution rice area map of mainland Southeast Asia in 2019. The accuracy of the proposed method is 92.20 %. The rice area map is concordant with statistics and other rice area maps.
Over 90 % of the world’s rice is produced in the Asia–Pacific region. In this study, a...
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