Articles | Volume 13, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4603-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4603-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description article
| 
24 Sep 2021
Data description article |
| 24 Sep 2021
| 24 Sep 2021
Canadian historical Snow Water Equivalent dataset (CanSWE, 1928–2020)
Meteorological Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dorval, Canada
Colleen Mortimer
Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
Mike Brady
Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
Louise Arnal
Coldwater Laboratory, University of Saskatchewan, Canmore, Alberta, Canada
Ross Brown
Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
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Cited
39 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A New Operational Northern Hemisphere Snow Water Equivalent Retrieval Algorithm for FY-3F/MWRI-II Based on Pixel-Based Regression Coefficients J. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2024.3479452
- A prototype passive microwave retrieval algorithm for tundra snow density J. Welch & R. Kelly https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5259-2025
- Estimating Snow-Related Daily Change Events in the Canadian Winter Season: A Deep Learning-Based Approach K. Malik et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11070239
- Evaluation of the Snow Climate Change Initiative (Snow CCI) snow-covered area product within a mountain snow water equivalent reanalysis H. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2017-2025
- Derivation of a new model for estimation of snow water equivalent in mountainous basins M. Yarahmadi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42990-025-00196-0
- The Great Lakes Runoff Intercomparison Project Phase 4: the Great Lakes (GRIP-GL) J. Mai et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3537-2022
- Use of multiple reference data sources to cross-validate gridded snow water equivalent products over North America C. Mortimer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5619-2024
- Spatio‐temporal wet snow dynamics from model simulations and remote sensing: A case study from the Rofental, Austria E. Rottler et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15279
- Reconstructing the advance and retreat dynamics of the central sector of the last Cordilleran Ice Sheet H. Dulfer et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107465
- Benchmarking algorithm changes to the Snow CCI+ snow water equivalent product C. Mortimer et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.112988
- Snow Density Retrieval in Quebec Using Space-Borne SMOS Observations X. Gao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082065
- Drone-based ground-penetrating radar (GPR) application to snow hydrology E. Valence et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3843-2022
- The Impacts of Climate Change on Land Hydroclimatology of the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin N. Shrestha et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2022.801134
- A Hydrograph-Based Approach to Improve Satellite-Derived Snow Water Equivalent at the Watershed Scale C. Whittaker & R. Leconte https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213575
- Scale patterns of the Sentinel-1 SAR-based snow depth product compared with station measurements and airborne LiDAR observations J. Ying et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-227-2026
- Retrieving snow water equivalent from GRACE/GRACE-FO terrestrial water storage anomalies using modified spectral combination theory F. Fatolazadeh et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133754
- Theoretical Underpinnings of Snow Interception and Canopy Snow Ablation Parameterisations A. Cebulski & J. Pomeroy https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.70010
- Global 0.25-degree gridded Snow water equivalent data derived from machine learning using in-situ measurements J. Seo et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-026-06895-z
- Assessing the impact of distributed snow water equivalent calibration and assimilation of Copernicus snow water equivalent on modelled snow and streamflow performance A. Beaton et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15075
- Improving Snow Analyses for Hydrological Forecasting at ECCC Using Satellite-Derived Data C. Garnaud et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13245022
- Implementing spatially and temporally varying snow densities into the GlobSnow snow water equivalent retrieval P. Venäläinen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-719-2023
- Evaluating Operational Risk in Environmental Modeling: Assessment of Reliability and Sharpness for Ensemble Selection S. Pokorny et al. https://doi.org/10.1061/JHYEFF.HEENG-5833
- A simple snow temperature index model exposes discrepancies between reanalysis snow water equivalent products A. Elias Chereque et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4955-2024
- The importance of model horizontal resolution for improved estimation of snow water equivalent in a mountainous region of western Canada S. Sabetghadam et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-887-2025
- Hydrologic outputs generated over the Great Lakes with a calibrated version of the GEM-Hydro model É. Gaborit et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04409-x
- Evaluation of the Sentinel-1 SAR-based snow depth product over the Northern Hemisphere J. Ying et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133593
- Towards a gapless 1 km fractional snow cover via a data fusion framework X. Xiao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2024.07.018
- Snow Density Retrieval Based on Sentinel-2 Multispectral Data and Deep Learning S. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18081200
- Evidence of human influence on Northern Hemisphere snow loss A. Gottlieb & J. Mankin https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06794-y
- Towards a coherent flood forecasting framework for Canada: Local to global implications L. Arnal et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12895
- Bias-adjusted projections of snow cover over eastern Canada using an ensemble of regional climate models É. Bresson et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-333-2026
- Recent decreases in snow water storage in western North America K. Hale et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00751-3
- Quantifying weather-induced unreliable public transportation service in cold regions under future climate model scenarios X. Tian et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2024.105660
- Evaluating a hierarchy of bias correction methods for ERA5-Land SWE across Canada N. Kanda & C. Fletcher https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/aded5a
- FROSTBYTE: a reproducible data-driven workflow for probabilistic seasonal streamflow forecasting in snow-fed river basins across North America L. Arnal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4127-2024
- Creeping snow drought threatens Canada’s water supply R. Sarpong et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03162-8
- NH-SWE: Northern Hemisphere Snow Water Equivalent dataset based on in situ snow depth time series A. Fontrodona-Bach et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2577-2023
- Land surface hydrological modelling of the Mackenzie River Basin: Parametrization to simulate streamflow and permafrost dynamics M. Elshamy et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133134
- Northern Hemisphere in situ snow water equivalent dataset (NorSWE, 1979–2021) C. Mortimer & V. Vionnet https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3619-2025
39 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A New Operational Northern Hemisphere Snow Water Equivalent Retrieval Algorithm for FY-3F/MWRI-II Based on Pixel-Based Regression Coefficients J. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2024.3479452
- A prototype passive microwave retrieval algorithm for tundra snow density J. Welch & R. Kelly https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5259-2025
- Estimating Snow-Related Daily Change Events in the Canadian Winter Season: A Deep Learning-Based Approach K. Malik et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11070239
- Evaluation of the Snow Climate Change Initiative (Snow CCI) snow-covered area product within a mountain snow water equivalent reanalysis H. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2017-2025
- Derivation of a new model for estimation of snow water equivalent in mountainous basins M. Yarahmadi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42990-025-00196-0
- The Great Lakes Runoff Intercomparison Project Phase 4: the Great Lakes (GRIP-GL) J. Mai et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3537-2022
- Use of multiple reference data sources to cross-validate gridded snow water equivalent products over North America C. Mortimer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5619-2024
- Spatio‐temporal wet snow dynamics from model simulations and remote sensing: A case study from the Rofental, Austria E. Rottler et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15279
- Reconstructing the advance and retreat dynamics of the central sector of the last Cordilleran Ice Sheet H. Dulfer et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107465
- Benchmarking algorithm changes to the Snow CCI+ snow water equivalent product C. Mortimer et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.112988
- Snow Density Retrieval in Quebec Using Space-Borne SMOS Observations X. Gao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082065
- Drone-based ground-penetrating radar (GPR) application to snow hydrology E. Valence et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3843-2022
- The Impacts of Climate Change on Land Hydroclimatology of the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin N. Shrestha et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2022.801134
- A Hydrograph-Based Approach to Improve Satellite-Derived Snow Water Equivalent at the Watershed Scale C. Whittaker & R. Leconte https://doi.org/10.3390/w14213575
- Scale patterns of the Sentinel-1 SAR-based snow depth product compared with station measurements and airborne LiDAR observations J. Ying et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-227-2026
- Retrieving snow water equivalent from GRACE/GRACE-FO terrestrial water storage anomalies using modified spectral combination theory F. Fatolazadeh et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133754
- Theoretical Underpinnings of Snow Interception and Canopy Snow Ablation Parameterisations A. Cebulski & J. Pomeroy https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.70010
- Global 0.25-degree gridded Snow water equivalent data derived from machine learning using in-situ measurements J. Seo et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-026-06895-z
- Assessing the impact of distributed snow water equivalent calibration and assimilation of Copernicus snow water equivalent on modelled snow and streamflow performance A. Beaton et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15075
- Improving Snow Analyses for Hydrological Forecasting at ECCC Using Satellite-Derived Data C. Garnaud et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13245022
- Implementing spatially and temporally varying snow densities into the GlobSnow snow water equivalent retrieval P. Venäläinen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-719-2023
- Evaluating Operational Risk in Environmental Modeling: Assessment of Reliability and Sharpness for Ensemble Selection S. Pokorny et al. https://doi.org/10.1061/JHYEFF.HEENG-5833
- A simple snow temperature index model exposes discrepancies between reanalysis snow water equivalent products A. Elias Chereque et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4955-2024
- The importance of model horizontal resolution for improved estimation of snow water equivalent in a mountainous region of western Canada S. Sabetghadam et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-887-2025
- Hydrologic outputs generated over the Great Lakes with a calibrated version of the GEM-Hydro model É. Gaborit et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04409-x
- Evaluation of the Sentinel-1 SAR-based snow depth product over the Northern Hemisphere J. Ying et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133593
- Towards a gapless 1 km fractional snow cover via a data fusion framework X. Xiao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2024.07.018
- Snow Density Retrieval Based on Sentinel-2 Multispectral Data and Deep Learning S. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18081200
- Evidence of human influence on Northern Hemisphere snow loss A. Gottlieb & J. Mankin https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06794-y
- Towards a coherent flood forecasting framework for Canada: Local to global implications L. Arnal et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12895
- Bias-adjusted projections of snow cover over eastern Canada using an ensemble of regional climate models É. Bresson et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-333-2026
- Recent decreases in snow water storage in western North America K. Hale et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00751-3
- Quantifying weather-induced unreliable public transportation service in cold regions under future climate model scenarios X. Tian et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2024.105660
- Evaluating a hierarchy of bias correction methods for ERA5-Land SWE across Canada N. Kanda & C. Fletcher https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/aded5a
- FROSTBYTE: a reproducible data-driven workflow for probabilistic seasonal streamflow forecasting in snow-fed river basins across North America L. Arnal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4127-2024
- Creeping snow drought threatens Canada’s water supply R. Sarpong et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03162-8
- NH-SWE: Northern Hemisphere Snow Water Equivalent dataset based on in situ snow depth time series A. Fontrodona-Bach et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2577-2023
- Land surface hydrological modelling of the Mackenzie River Basin: Parametrization to simulate streamflow and permafrost dynamics M. Elshamy et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133134
- Northern Hemisphere in situ snow water equivalent dataset (NorSWE, 1979–2021) C. Mortimer & V. Vionnet https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3619-2025
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 21 Jul 2026
Short summary
Water equivalent of snow cover (SWE) is a key variable for water management, hydrological forecasting and climate monitoring. A new Canadian SWE dataset (CanSWE) is presented in this paper. It compiles data collected by multiple agencies and companies at more than 2500 different locations across Canada over the period 1928–2020. Snow depth and derived bulk snow density are also included when available.
Water equivalent of snow cover (SWE) is a key variable for water management, hydrological...
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