Articles | Volume 9, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-363-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-363-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
A 156 kyr smoothed history of the atmospheric greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O and their radiative forcing
Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), P.O. Box 12 01 61, 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany
Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Jochen Schmitt
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Thomas F. Stocker
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Hubertus Fischer
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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208 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A global mean sea surface temperature dataset for the Last Interglacial (129–116 ka) and contribution of thermal expansion to sea level change C. Turney et al.
- Mysteriously high Δ14C of the glacial atmosphere: influence of 14C production and carbon cycle changes A. Dinauer et al.
- Rapid northern hemisphere ice sheet melting during the penultimate deglaciation H. Stoll et al.
- Paleoclimate data assimilation with CLIMBER-X: An ensemble Kalman filter for the last deglaciation A. Masoum et al.
- Radiocarbon Evidence for the Contribution of the Southern Indian Ocean to the Evolution of Atmospheric CO2 Over the Last 32,000 Years T. Ronge et al.
- A continental perspective on the timing of environmental change during the last glacial stage in Australia H. Cadd et al.
- Glacial state of the global carbon cycle: time-slice simulations for the last glacial maximum with an Earth-system model T. Kurahashi-Nakamura et al.
- Eurasian ice sheet formation promoted by weak AMOC following MIS 3 L. Niu et al.
- Abrupt Climate and Weather Changes Across Time Scales G. Lohmann et al.
- The need for high-resolution paleoclimate research U. Büntgen & J. Esper
- High‐Resolution Records of Millennial‐Scale East Asian Winter Monsoon in the Shelf Sea of Eastern China Y. Shi et al.
- Green Sahara tipping points in transient climate model simulations of the Holocene P. Hopcroft & P. Valdes
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Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 14 May 2026
Short summary
We document our best available data compilation of published ice core records of the greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O and recent measurements on firn air and atmospheric samples covering the time window from 156 000 years BP to the beginning of the year 2016 CE. A smoothing spline method is applied to translate the discrete and irregularly spaced data points into continuous time series. The radiative forcing for each greenhouse gas is computed using well-established, simple formulations.
We document our best available data compilation of published ice core records of the greenhouse...
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