Articles | Volume 8, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-89-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-89-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Review article
| 
25 Feb 2016
Review article |
| 25 Feb 2016
Survey of the terrestrial habitats and vegetation of Shetland, 1974 – a framework for long-term ecological monitoring
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre,
Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
Robert G. H. Bunce
Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreuzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
Related authors
Christopher G. Marston, Aneurin W. O'Neil, R. Daniel Morton, Claire M. Wood, and Clare S. Rowland
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4631–4649, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4631-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4631-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The UK Land Cover Map 2021 (LCM2021) is a UK-wide land cover data set, with 21- and 10-class versions. It is intended to support a broad range of UK environmental research, including ecological and hydrological research. LCM2021 was produced by classifying Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. LCM2021 is distributed as a suite of products to facilitate easy use for a range of applications. To support research at different spatial scales it includes 10 m, 25 m and 1 km resolution products.
Claire M. Wood, Jamie Alison, Marc S. Botham, Annette Burden, François Edwards, R. Angus Garbutt, Paul B. L. George, Peter A. Henrys, Russel Hobson, Susan Jarvis, Patrick Keenan, Aidan M. Keith, Inma Lebron, Lindsay C. Maskell, Lisa R. Norton, David A. Robinson, Fiona M. Seaton, Peter Scarlett, Gavin M. Siriwardena, James Skates, Simon M. Smart, Bronwen Williams, and Bridget A. Emmett
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4155–4173, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4155-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4155-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Glastir Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (GMEP) ran from 2013 until 2016, as a national programme of ecological study in Wales. GMEP included a large field survey component, collecting data on a range of elements including vegetation, land cover and land use, soils, freshwater, birds, and insect pollinators. GMEP was designed so that surveys could be repeated at regular intervals to monitor the Welsh environment. Data from GMEP have been used to address many applied policy questions.
Claire M. Wood, Robert G. H. Bunce, Lisa R. Norton, Simon M. Smart, and Colin J. Barr
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 899–918, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-899-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-899-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In the 1990s, ecological survey work was carried out in English landscapes containing semi-natural habitats that were perceived to be under threat, or which represented areas of concern ("key habitats"), complementing the national Countryside Survey of Great Britain. The landscapes were lowland heath, chalk and limestone grasslands, coasts and uplands. Standardised procedures were used to record ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout England in 1992 and 1993.
Claire M. Wood, Robert G. H. Bunce, Lisa R. Norton, Lindsay C. Maskell, Simon M. Smart, W. Andrew Scott, Peter A. Henrys, David C. Howard, Simon M. Wright, Michael J. Brown, Rod J. Scott, Rick C. Stuart, and John W. Watkins
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 745–763, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-745-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-745-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Countryside Survey (CS) of Great Britain consists of an extensive set of repeated ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 29 years. CS was first undertaken in 1978 to monitor ecological and land use change in Britain using standardised procedures for recording ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout the country. The mapping of ecological landscape elements has subsequently been repeated in 1984, 1990, 1998 and 2007.
Claire M. Wood, Simon M. Smart, Robert G. H. Bunce, Lisa R. Norton, Lindsay C. Maskell, David C. Howard, W. Andrew Scott, and Peter A. Henrys
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 445–459, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-445-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-445-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Countryside Survey (CS) of Great Britain consists of an extensive set of repeated ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 29 years. CS was first undertaken in 1978 to monitor ecological and land use change in Britain using standardised procedures for recording ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout the country. The vegetation component has subsequently been repeated in 1990, 1998 and 2007, and changes may be related to a range of drivers.
Claire M. Wood and Robert G. H. Bunce
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 177–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-177-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-177-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In 1971, an ecological survey of the native pinewoods of Scotland was carried out. This unique habitat is widely recognised, not only by ecologists for its inherent biodiversity but also by the general public for its cultural and amenity value. The repeatable survey collected information on ground flora, soils, forest structure and general site information from 27 major pinewood sites. The results from the survey helped to set the conservation agenda for the old Caledonian pinewoods.
C. M. Wood, S. M. Smart, and R. G. H. Bunce
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, 203–214, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-203-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-203-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The Woodland Survey of Great Britain is a unique data set, consisting of a detailed range of ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 30 years. A set of 103 semi-natural woods spread across Britain were first surveyed in 1971, which were again surveyed in 2000-2003. Standardised methods of describing the trees, shrubs, ground flora, soils and general habitats present were used for both sets of surveys.
Christopher G. Marston, Aneurin W. O'Neil, R. Daniel Morton, Claire M. Wood, and Clare S. Rowland
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4631–4649, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4631-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4631-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The UK Land Cover Map 2021 (LCM2021) is a UK-wide land cover data set, with 21- and 10-class versions. It is intended to support a broad range of UK environmental research, including ecological and hydrological research. LCM2021 was produced by classifying Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. LCM2021 is distributed as a suite of products to facilitate easy use for a range of applications. To support research at different spatial scales it includes 10 m, 25 m and 1 km resolution products.
Claire M. Wood, Jamie Alison, Marc S. Botham, Annette Burden, François Edwards, R. Angus Garbutt, Paul B. L. George, Peter A. Henrys, Russel Hobson, Susan Jarvis, Patrick Keenan, Aidan M. Keith, Inma Lebron, Lindsay C. Maskell, Lisa R. Norton, David A. Robinson, Fiona M. Seaton, Peter Scarlett, Gavin M. Siriwardena, James Skates, Simon M. Smart, Bronwen Williams, and Bridget A. Emmett
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4155–4173, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4155-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4155-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Glastir Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (GMEP) ran from 2013 until 2016, as a national programme of ecological study in Wales. GMEP included a large field survey component, collecting data on a range of elements including vegetation, land cover and land use, soils, freshwater, birds, and insect pollinators. GMEP was designed so that surveys could be repeated at regular intervals to monitor the Welsh environment. Data from GMEP have been used to address many applied policy questions.
Claire M. Wood, Robert G. H. Bunce, Lisa R. Norton, Simon M. Smart, and Colin J. Barr
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 899–918, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-899-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-899-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In the 1990s, ecological survey work was carried out in English landscapes containing semi-natural habitats that were perceived to be under threat, or which represented areas of concern ("key habitats"), complementing the national Countryside Survey of Great Britain. The landscapes were lowland heath, chalk and limestone grasslands, coasts and uplands. Standardised procedures were used to record ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout England in 1992 and 1993.
Claire M. Wood, Robert G. H. Bunce, Lisa R. Norton, Lindsay C. Maskell, Simon M. Smart, W. Andrew Scott, Peter A. Henrys, David C. Howard, Simon M. Wright, Michael J. Brown, Rod J. Scott, Rick C. Stuart, and John W. Watkins
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 745–763, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-745-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-745-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Countryside Survey (CS) of Great Britain consists of an extensive set of repeated ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 29 years. CS was first undertaken in 1978 to monitor ecological and land use change in Britain using standardised procedures for recording ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout the country. The mapping of ecological landscape elements has subsequently been repeated in 1984, 1990, 1998 and 2007.
Claire M. Wood, Simon M. Smart, Robert G. H. Bunce, Lisa R. Norton, Lindsay C. Maskell, David C. Howard, W. Andrew Scott, and Peter A. Henrys
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 445–459, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-445-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-445-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Countryside Survey (CS) of Great Britain consists of an extensive set of repeated ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 29 years. CS was first undertaken in 1978 to monitor ecological and land use change in Britain using standardised procedures for recording ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout the country. The vegetation component has subsequently been repeated in 1990, 1998 and 2007, and changes may be related to a range of drivers.
Claire M. Wood and Robert G. H. Bunce
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 177–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-177-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-177-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In 1971, an ecological survey of the native pinewoods of Scotland was carried out. This unique habitat is widely recognised, not only by ecologists for its inherent biodiversity but also by the general public for its cultural and amenity value. The repeatable survey collected information on ground flora, soils, forest structure and general site information from 27 major pinewood sites. The results from the survey helped to set the conservation agenda for the old Caledonian pinewoods.
C. M. Wood, S. M. Smart, and R. G. H. Bunce
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, 203–214, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-203-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-203-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The Woodland Survey of Great Britain is a unique data set, consisting of a detailed range of ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 30 years. A set of 103 semi-natural woods spread across Britain were first surveyed in 1971, which were again surveyed in 2000-2003. Standardised methods of describing the trees, shrubs, ground flora, soils and general habitats present were used for both sets of surveys.
Related subject area
Biosphere – Biodiversity
New historical data for long-term swordfish ecological studies in the Mediterranean Sea
An 18S V4 rRNA metabarcoding dataset of protist diversity in the Atlantic inflow to the Arctic Ocean, through the year and down to 1000 m depth
Integrated ecological monitoring in Wales: the Glastir Monitoring and Evaluation Programme field survey
Multi-scale data on intertidal macrobenthic biodiversity and environmental features in three New Zealand harbours
The Arctic Traits Database – a repository of Arctic benthic invertebrate traits
Freshwater fish fauna of rivers of the southern Western Ghats, India
Copepod species abundance from the Southern Ocean and other regions (1980–2005) – a legacy
Land cover and vegetation data from an ecological survey of "key habitat" landscapes in England, 1992–1993
Growth characteristics of natural and planted Dahurian larch in northeast China
Ecological landscape elements: long-term monitoring in Great Britain, the Countryside Survey 1978–2007 and beyond
Seabed images from Southern Ocean shelf regions off the northern Antarctic Peninsula and in the southeastern Weddell Sea
Long-term vegetation monitoring in Great Britain – the Countryside Survey 1978–2007 and beyond
Standardization of a geo-referenced fishing data set for the Indian Ocean bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus (1952–2014)
Ecological survey of the native pinewoods of Scotland 1971
Woodland Survey of Great Britain 1971–2001
Brian R. MacKenzie, Teresa Romeo, Piero Addis, Pietro Battaglia, Pierpaolo Consoli, Franco Andaloro, and Gianluca Sarà
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5867–5877, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5867-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5867-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Management of marine fisheries and ecosystems is limited by knowledge based on datasets which are short and recent. We recovered new long-term catch and size data for swordfish in the Mediterranean Sea. Our new data series cover the period 1896–2010, which predates most other Mediterranean swordfish datasets. The data allow scientists to investigate long-term effects of fishing and ocean–climate conditions on swordfish ecology in the Mediterranean Sea.
Elianne Egge, Stephanie Elferink, Daniel Vaulot, Uwe John, Gunnar Bratbak, Aud Larsen, and Bente Edvardsen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4913–4928, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4913-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4913-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present a dataset of DNA sequences obtained from size-fractionated seawater samples from the Arctic Ocean that are used to identify taxonomic groups of unicellular plankton. This dataset can be used to investigate the diversity and distribution of plankton groups both by season and by depth and thus increase our understanding of the factors influencing the dynamics of this important part of the Arctic marine ecosystem.
Claire M. Wood, Jamie Alison, Marc S. Botham, Annette Burden, François Edwards, R. Angus Garbutt, Paul B. L. George, Peter A. Henrys, Russel Hobson, Susan Jarvis, Patrick Keenan, Aidan M. Keith, Inma Lebron, Lindsay C. Maskell, Lisa R. Norton, David A. Robinson, Fiona M. Seaton, Peter Scarlett, Gavin M. Siriwardena, James Skates, Simon M. Smart, Bronwen Williams, and Bridget A. Emmett
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4155–4173, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4155-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4155-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Glastir Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (GMEP) ran from 2013 until 2016, as a national programme of ecological study in Wales. GMEP included a large field survey component, collecting data on a range of elements including vegetation, land cover and land use, soils, freshwater, birds, and insect pollinators. GMEP was designed so that surveys could be repeated at regular intervals to monitor the Welsh environment. Data from GMEP have been used to address many applied policy questions.
Casper Kraan, Barry L. Greenfield, and Simon F. Thrush
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 293–297, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-293-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-293-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how the plants and animals that live in the sea floor vary in their spatial patterns of diversity and abundance is fundamental to gaining insight into the role of biodiversity in maintaining ecosystem functioning in coastal ecosystems. Yet data are lacking. Therefore, we collected multi-scale high-resolution data on macrobenthic biodiversity in New Zealand marine sandflats. For 1200 sampling locations we provide data on benthic biodiversity and associated environmental variables.
Renate Degen and Sarah Faulwetter
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 301–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-301-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-301-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Trait-based approaches (such that consider the life history, morphological, physiological and behavioral characteristics of species) promise new insights in ecology. To facilitate these approaches also in polar regions, we provide the free and easily accessible Arctic Traits Database to the scientific community. Trait information was collected from literature and via communication with experts. At present the database holds trait information for more than 1900 arctic taxa.
Anbu Aravazhi Arunkumar and Arunachalam Manimekalan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1735–1752, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1735-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1735-2018, 2018
Astrid Cornils, Rainer Sieger, Elke Mizdalski, Stefanie Schumacher, Hannes Grobe, and Sigrid B. Schnack-Schiel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1457–1471, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1457-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1457-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Copepods are the predominant taxon in marine zooplankton and play an important role in the pelagic food web as intermediators between primary producers, the microbial loop and higher trophic levels. Here, we provide 33 data sets with abundances for a total of 312 copepod taxa from the Southern Ocean, the Magellan region, the Great Meteor Bank and the northern Red Sea, and the Gulf of Aqaba.
Claire M. Wood, Robert G. H. Bunce, Lisa R. Norton, Simon M. Smart, and Colin J. Barr
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 899–918, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-899-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-899-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In the 1990s, ecological survey work was carried out in English landscapes containing semi-natural habitats that were perceived to be under threat, or which represented areas of concern ("key habitats"), complementing the national Countryside Survey of Great Britain. The landscapes were lowland heath, chalk and limestone grasslands, coasts and uplands. Standardised procedures were used to record ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout England in 1992 and 1993.
Bingrui Jia and Guangsheng Zhou
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 893–898, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-893-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-893-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii) is the dominant species in northeast China, which is situated in the southernmost part of the global boreal forest and is undergoing great climate change. Its growth characteristics (tree height, diameter at breast height, tree volume and/or stand volume) were collected from published studies from 1965 to 2015. The data set (N=743) provides a quantitative reference for plantation management practices and boreal forest growth prediction under future climate change.
Claire M. Wood, Robert G. H. Bunce, Lisa R. Norton, Lindsay C. Maskell, Simon M. Smart, W. Andrew Scott, Peter A. Henrys, David C. Howard, Simon M. Wright, Michael J. Brown, Rod J. Scott, Rick C. Stuart, and John W. Watkins
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 745–763, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-745-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-745-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Countryside Survey (CS) of Great Britain consists of an extensive set of repeated ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 29 years. CS was first undertaken in 1978 to monitor ecological and land use change in Britain using standardised procedures for recording ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout the country. The mapping of ecological landscape elements has subsequently been repeated in 1984, 1990, 1998 and 2007.
Dieter Piepenburg, Alexander Buschmann, Amelie Driemel, Hannes Grobe, Julian Gutt, Stefanie Schumacher, Alexandra Segelken-Voigt, and Rainer Sieger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 461–469, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-461-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-461-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
An ocean floor observation system (OFOS) was used to collect seabed imagery on two cruises of the RV Polarstern, ANT-XXIX/3 (PS81) to the Antarctic Peninsula from January to March 2013 and ANT-XXXI/2 (PS96) to the Weddell Sea from December 2015 to February 2016. We report on the image and data collections gathered during these cruises. Seabed images, including metadata, are available from the data publisher PANGAEA via https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.872719 (PS81) and https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.862097 (PS96).
Claire M. Wood, Simon M. Smart, Robert G. H. Bunce, Lisa R. Norton, Lindsay C. Maskell, David C. Howard, W. Andrew Scott, and Peter A. Henrys
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 445–459, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-445-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-445-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Countryside Survey (CS) of Great Britain consists of an extensive set of repeated ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 29 years. CS was first undertaken in 1978 to monitor ecological and land use change in Britain using standardised procedures for recording ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout the country. The vegetation component has subsequently been repeated in 1990, 1998 and 2007, and changes may be related to a range of drivers.
Teja A. Wibawa, Patrick Lehodey, and Inna Senina
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 163–179, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-163-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-163-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Geo-referenced catch and fishing effort data of the bigeye tuna fisheries in the Indian Ocean over 1952–2014 were analyzed and standardized to facilitate population dynamics modeling studies. A total of 30 fisheries were finally determined from longline, purse seine and other-gears data sets. Nevertheless, still one-third of total nominal catch is not included due to a total lack of geo-referenced information and would need to be processed separately.
Claire M. Wood and Robert G. H. Bunce
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 177–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-177-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-177-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In 1971, an ecological survey of the native pinewoods of Scotland was carried out. This unique habitat is widely recognised, not only by ecologists for its inherent biodiversity but also by the general public for its cultural and amenity value. The repeatable survey collected information on ground flora, soils, forest structure and general site information from 27 major pinewood sites. The results from the survey helped to set the conservation agenda for the old Caledonian pinewoods.
C. M. Wood, S. M. Smart, and R. G. H. Bunce
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, 203–214, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-203-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-203-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The Woodland Survey of Great Britain is a unique data set, consisting of a detailed range of ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 30 years. A set of 103 semi-natural woods spread across Britain were first surveyed in 1971, which were again surveyed in 2000-2003. Standardised methods of describing the trees, shrubs, ground flora, soils and general habitats present were used for both sets of surveys.
Cited articles
Allot, G.: A report on the lowland vegetation of Foula, Brathay Exploration
Group Field Studies Report, 11, 48–57, 1971.
Anonymous: The Hedgerows Regulations, The
Stationery Office, London, 16 pp., 1997.
Barkham, J. P.: A report on the upland vegetation of Foula, Brathay
Exploration Group Field Studies Report, 11, 25–47, 1971.
Barr, C. J. and Gillespie, M. K.: Estimating hedgerow length and pattern
characteristics in Great Britain using Countryside Survey data, J. Environ.
Manage., 60, 23–32, https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.2000.0359, 2000.
Barr, C. J., Bunce, R. G. H., Clarke, R. T., Gillespie, M. K., Hallam, C. J.,
Howard, D. C., Maskell, L. C., Ness, M. J., Norton, L. R., Scott, R. J.,
Scott, W. A., Smart, S. M., Stuart, R. C., Wood, C. M., and Wright, S. M.:
Countryside Survey 1990 estimates of Broad Habitat areas in Great Britain,
NERC Environmental Information Data Centre,
https://doi.org/10.5285/32dda22c-24cc-4fa8-adcb-5481b1b77ef1, 2014a.
Barr, C. J., Bunce, R. G. H., Clarke, R. T., Gillespie, M. K., Howard, D. C.,
Maskell, L. C., Norton, L. R., Scott, R. J., Scott, W. A., Smart, S. M.,
Stuart, R. C., Watkins, J. W., Wood, C. M., and Wright, S. M.: Countryside
Survey 1998 estimates of Broad Habitat areas in Great Britain, NERC
Environmental Information Data Centre,
https://doi.org/10.5285/ad7babc3-6b43-4754-8981-edcf03769f11, 2014b.
Benefield, C. B. and Bunce, R. G. H.: A preliminary visual presentation of
land classes in Britain, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Grange over Sands,
39 pp., 1982.
Berry, R. J. and Johnston, J. L.: The natural history of Shetland, Collins,
London, 1980.
Birse, E. L.: Bioclimatic characteristics of Shetland, in: The Natural
Environment of Shetland, edited by: Goodier, R., NCC, Edinburgh, 24–32,
1974.
Blockeel, T. L., Bosanquet, S. D., Hill, M., and Preston, C. D.: Atlas of
British & Irish Bryophytes, Pisces Publications, Newbury, 2014.
British Geological Survey: Quarter-inch geological map of Scotland HMSO, Director General of the Ordnance Survey, Chessington, Surrey,
1963.
Brown, M. J., Bunce, R. G. H., Carey, P. D., Chandler, K., Crowe, A.,
Maskell, L. C., Norton, L. R., Scott, R. J., Scott, W. A., Smart, S. M.,
Stuart, R. C., Wood, C. M., and Wright, S. M.: Countryside Survey 2007
estimates of Broad Habitat areas in Great Britain, NERC Environmental
Information Data Centre, https://doi.org/10.5285/f03cba75-8bca-4679-ae2a-77a9fcbd4df3,
2014.
Bunce, R. G. H.: Shetland Vegetation Survey Handbook of Field Methods,
Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Grange over Sands, 28 pp., 1974.
Bunce, R. G. H.: Report to NCC on some aspects of the ecology of Shetland.
Part III: The Terrestrial Survey of Shetland, Institute of Terrestrial
Ecology, Grange over Sands, 1975.
Bunce, R. G. H. and Shaw, M. W.: A standardised method for ecological survey,
J. Environ. Manage., 1, 239–258, 1973.
Bunce, R. G. H. and Smith, R. S.: An ecological survey of Cumbria, Structure
Plan Working Paper, 4, Cumbria County Council and Lake District Special
Planning Board, Kendal, 1978.
Bunce, R. G. H., Barr, C. J., Clarke, R. T., Howard, D. C., and Lane, A. M.
J.: ITE land classification of Great Britain 1990, NERC Environmental
Information Data Centre, https://doi.org/10.5285/ab320e08-faf5-48e1-9ec9-77a213d2907f,
1990.
Bunce, R. G. H., Barr, C. J., Clarke, R. T., Howard, D. C., and Lane, A. M.
J.: ITE Merlewood Land Classification of Great Britain, J. Biogeogr., 23,
625–634, 1996a.
Bunce, R. G. H., Barr, C. J., Clarke, R. T., Howard, D. C., and Lane, A. M.
J.: Land classification for strategic ecological survey, J. Environ. Manage.,
47, 37–60, https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.1996.0034, 1996b.
Bunce, R. G. H., Barr, C. J., Clarke, R. T., Howard, D., and Lane, A. M. J.:
ITE Land Classification of Great Britain 1998, NERC Environmental Information
Data Centre, https://doi.org/10.5285/971671a6-98b4-4d80-b165-21dace7373b9, 1998.
Bunce, R. G. H., Groom, G. B., Jongman, R. H. G., Padoa-Schioppa, E., Howard,
D. C., and Petit, S.: Handbook for surveillance and monitoring of European
Habitats. First edition, edited by: Bunce, R. G. H., Groom, G. B., Jongman, R. H. G., and Padoa-Schioppa, E., Wageningen, Alterra (Alterra report 1219),
107 pp., 2005.
Bunce, R. G. H., Barr, C. J., Clarke, R. T., Howard, D., and Scott, A.: ITE
Land Classification of Great Britain 2007, NERC Environmental Information
Data Centre, https://doi.org/10.5285/5f0605e4-aa2a-48ab-b47c-bf5510823e8f, 2007.
Bunce, R. G. H., Metzger, M. J., Jongman, R. H. G., Brandt, J., de Blust, G.,
Elena-Rossello, R., Groom, G. B., Halada, L., Hofer, G., Howard, D. C.,
Kovář, P., Mücher, C. A., Padoa-Schioppa, E., Paelinx, D., Palo,
A., Perez-Soba, M., Ramos, I. L., Roche, P., Skånes, H., and Wrbka, T.: A
standardized procedure for surveillance and monitoring European habitats and
provision of spatial data, Landsc. Ecol., 23, 11–25,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-007-9173-8, 2008.
Bunce, R. G. H., Bogers, M., and Roche, P.: Manual for habitat and vegetation
surveillance and monitoring: temperate, mediterranean and desert biomes,
Alterra, Wageningen, 2011.
Bunce, R. G. H., Wood, C. M., Henrys, P. A., Smart, S. M., Howard, D. C., and
Barr, C. J.: Countryside Survey 1978 estimates of Broad Habitat areas in
Great Britain, NERC Environmental Information Data Centre,
https://doi.org/10.5285/c8feabac-7c3f-4c35-91f7-296782b957d1, 2012.
Bunce, R. G. H. and Bassett, P. A.: Land Classification of Shetland 1974,
NERC Environmental Information Data Centre,
https://doi.org/10.5285/f1b3179e-b446-473d-a5fb-4166668da146, 2015.
Bunce, R. G. H., Bassett, P. A., and Wood, C. M.: Terrestrial habitat,
vegetation and soil data from Shetland, 1974, NERC Environmental Information
Data Centre, https://doi.org/10.5285/06fc0b8c-cc4a-4ea8-b4be-f8bd7ee25342,
2015.
Carey, P. D., Wallis, S., Chamberlain, P. M., Cooper, A., Emmett, B. A.,
Maskell, L. C., McCann, T., Murphy, J., Norton, L. R., Reynolds, B., Scott,
W. A., Simpson, I. C., Smart, S. M., and Ullyett, J. M.: Countryside Survey:
UK Results from 2007, NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster,
2008.
Chambers, N., Simmons, C., and Wackernagel, M.: Sharing nature's interest:
ecological footprints as an indicator of sustainability, Routledge, Oxford
& New York, 2014.
Clapham, A. R., Tutin, T. G., and Warburg, E. F.: Flora of the British Isles,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1952.
Cranfield University: National Soils Inventory, available at:
http://www.landis.org.uk/about/index.cfm, last access:
2 September 2015.
Czech, B.: Technological progress and biodiversity conservation: a dollar
spent, a dollar burned, Conserv. Biol., 17, 1455–1457, 2003.
Dalby, D. H. and Dalby, C.: Shetland Lichens, Shetland Amenity Trust,
Lerwick, 2005.
Daly, H. E. and Farley, J.: Ecological economics: principles and
applications, Island Press, 2011.
Emmett, B. E. and GMEP team: Glastir Monitoring & Evaluation Programme,
First Year Annual Report to Welsh Government (Contract reference:
C147/2010/11), NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bangor, 442, 2014.
Forestry Commission: National Forest Inventory, available at:
http://www.forestry.gov.uk/website/forestry.nsf/byunique/infd-89s9ls,
last access: 15 January 2013.
Goode, D.: The flora and vegetation of Shetland, in: The Natural Environment
of Shetland, edited by: Goodier, R., NCC, Edinburgh, 50–72, 1974.
Grabherr, G., Gottfried, M., and Pauli, H.: Climate change impacts in alpine
environments, Geography Compass, 4, 1133–1153,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2010.00356.x, 2010.
Hill, M. and Paton, J.: The Bryophytes of Shetland., Nature Conservancy
Council/Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Bangor, 1976.
Hill, M. O.: Reciprocal averaging: an eigenvector method of ordination, The
J. Ecol., 61, 237–249, https://doi.org/10.2307/2258931, 1973.
Hill, M. O. and Šmilauer, P.: TWINSPAN for Windows version 2.3, Centre
for Ecology and Hydrology, University of South Bohemia, Wallingford, 2005.
Hill, M. O., Bunce, R. G. H., and Shaw, M. W.: Indicator species analysis, a
divisive polythetic method of classification, and its application to a survey
of native pinewoods in Scotland, J. Ecol., 63, 597–613, https://doi.org/10.2307/2258738,
1975.
Hill, M. O., Preston, C. D., and Smith, A. J. E.: Atlas of the bryophytes of
Britain and Ireland, Harley books, Colchester, 1991.
Huettmann, F.: An Oceanography Conservation View of Central America:
Caribbean Wealth, Pacific Wilderness, Plunder and Mismanagement Meets
Seafloor Mining, Deep-Sea Drilling, Climate Change, and Human Population
Explosion in the EEZs and Beyond, in: Central American Biodiversity:
Conservation, Ecology, and a Sustainable Future, edited by: Huettmann, F.,
Springer New York, New York, NY, 135-158, 2015.
International Organization for Standardization: ISO 19115 (2003), available
at: http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=26020, last
access: 12 October 2015.
Jackson, D.: Guidance on the Interpretation of the Biodiversity Broad Habitat
Classification (Terrestrial and Freshwater Types): Definitions and the
Relationship with Other Habitat Classifications (JNCC Report, No. 307), JNCC,
73 pp., 2000.
Johnston, J. L.: A naturalist's Shetland, T. and A.D. Poyser, London, 1999.
Kirby, K. J., Smart, S. M., Black, H. I. J., Bunce, R. G. H., Corney, P. M.,
and Smithers, R. J.: Long term ecological change in British woodland
(1971–2001), A re-survey and analysis of change based on the 103 sites in
the Nature Conservancy “Bunce 1971” woodland survey, Final report,
Peterborough: English Nature (English Nature Research Reports Number 653),
139 + appendices, 2005.
Lautenbacher, C. C.: The Global Earth Observation System of Systems: Science
Serving Society, Space Policy, 22, 8–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2005.12.004,
2006.
Lengyel, S., Déri, E., Varga, Z., Horváth, R.,
Tóthmérész, B., Henry, P.-Y., Kobler, A., Kutnar, L., Babij, V.,
and Seliškar, A.: Habitat monitoring in Europe: a description of current
practices, Biodivers. Conserv., 17, 3327–3339,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9395-3, 2008a.
Lengyel, S., Kobler, A., Kutnar, L., Framstad, E., Henry, P.-Y., Babij, V.,
Gruber, B., Schmeller, D., and Henle, K.: A review and a framework for the
integration of biodiversity monitoring at the habitat level, Biodivers.
Conserv., 17, 3341–3356, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9359-7, 2008b.
Maskell, L. C., Norton, L. R., Smart, S. M., Scott, R., Carey, P. D., Murphy,
J., Chamberlain, P. M., Wood, C. M., Bunce, R. G. H., and Barr, C. J.:
Vegetation Plots Handbook CS Technical Report No.2/07, Centre for Ecology and
Hydrology, Lancaster, 2008a.
Maskell, L. C., Norton, L. R., Smart, S. M., Carey, P. D., Murphy, J.,
Chamberlain, P. M., Wood, C. M., Bunce, R. G. H., and Barr, C. J.:
Countryside Survey. Field Mapping Handbook CS Technical Report No.1/07,
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, 2008b.
McVean, D. N. and Ratcliffe, D. A.: Plant communities of the Scottish
Highlands, A study of Scottish mountain, moorland and forest vegetation,
Monographs of the Nature Conservancy, HMSO, London, 445 pp., 1962.
Met Office: UK climate – Historic station data (Lerwick), available at:
http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/pub/data/weather/uk/climate/stationdata/lerwickdata.txt,
last access: 1 September 2015.
Metzger, M. J., Bunce, R. G. H., Jongman, R. H. G., Mücher, C. A., and
Watkins, J. W.: A climatic stratification of the environment of Europe,
Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 14, 549–563, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822X.2005.00190.x,
2005.
Metzger, M., Bunce, R., Leemans, R., and Viner, D.: Projected environmental
shifts under climate change: European trends and regional impacts, Environ.
Conserv., 35, 64–75, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892908004529, 2008.
Metzger, M. J., Brus, D. J., Bunce, R. G. H., Carey, P. D., Gonçalves,
J., Honrado, J. P., Jongman, R. H. G., Trabucco, A., and Zomer, R.:
Environmental stratifications as the basis for national, European and global
ecological monitoring, Ecol. Indic., 33, 26–35,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.11.009, 2013a.
Metzger, M. J., Bunce, R. G. H., Jongman, R. H. G., Sayre, R., Trabucco, A.,
and Zomer, R.: A high-resolution bioclimate map of the world: a unifying
framework for global biodiversity research and monitoring, Global Ecol.
Biogeogr., 22, 630–638, https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12022, 2013b.
Milner, C.: Shetland project monitoring report Nature Conservancy Council,
Contract Report to the Nature Conservancy Council, 1975.
Norton, L. R., Maskell, L. C., Smart, S. S., Dunbar, M. J., Emmett, B. A.,
Carey, P. D., Williams, P., Crowe, A., Chandler, K., Scott, W. A., and Wood,
C. M.: Measuring stock and change in the GB countryside for policy: key
findings and developments from the Countryside Survey 2007 field survey, J.
Environ. Manage., 113, 117–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.07.030, 2012.
Ott, R.: Sound truth and corporate myth$: the
legacy of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Dragonfly Sisters Press, Cordova, 2005.
Parr, T., Ferretti, M., Simpson, I., Forsius, M., and Kovacs-Lang, E.:
Towards a long-term integrated monitoring programme in Europe: network design
in theory and practice, Environ. Monit. Assess., 78, 253–290, 2002.
Parr, T. W., Sier, A. R. J., Battarbee, R. W., Mackay, A., and Burgess, J.:
Detecting environmental change: science and society – perspectives on
long-term research and monitoring in the 21st century, Sci. Total Environ.,
310, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00257-2, 2003.
Petit, S., Stuart, R., Gillespie, M., and Barr, C.: Field boundaries in Great
Britain: stock and change between 1984, 1990 and 1998, J. Environ. Manage.,
67, 229–238, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4797(02)00176-7, 2003.
Preston, C. D., Pearman, D. A., and Dines, T. D.: New atlas of the British
and Irish flora, An atlas of the vascular plants of Britain, Ireland, the
Isle of Man and the Channel Islands, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002.
Roche, P. and Geijzendorffer, I.: EBONE: integrated figures of habitat and
biodiversity indicators: quantifying indicators of an integrated biodiversity
observation system, Alterra, Wageningen UR, 2013.
Roper-Lindsay, J. and Say, A.: Plant communities of the Shetland Islands, J.
Ecol., 74, 1013–1030, https://doi.org/10.2307/2260230, 1986.
Scott, W. and Palmer, R.: The flowering plants and ferns of the Shetland
Islands, Lerwick: Shetland Times Ltd ix, 468p.-col. illus., maps., ISBN
900662565, 1987.
Scott, W. A.: Countryside Survey. Statistical Report (Countryside Survey
Technical Report No. 4/07), NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Lancaster,
2008.
Scottish Government: Scottish Agricultural Census, available at:
http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Agriculture-Fisheries/PubScottishCensus,
last access: 7 January 2016.
Scottish Natural Heritage: Shetland, Scottish Natural Heritage, Perth, 2002.
Scottish Rural Development Programme: What Can SRDP Do For Crofting And Small
Units?, available at:
http://www.crofting.scotland.gov.uk/userfiles/documents/SRDP%20paper%20final.pdf,
last access: 7 January 2016.
Sheail, J. and Bunce, R. G. H.: The development and scientific principles of
an environmental classification for strategic ecological survey in the United
Kingdom, Environ. Conserv., 30, 147–159, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892903000134,
2003.
Smart, S., Maskell, L., Dunbar, M., Emmett, B., Marks, S., Norton, L., Rose,
P., and Simpson, I.: An Integrated Assessment of Countryside Survey data to
investigate Ecosystem Services in Great Britain, Countryside Survey Technical
Report No. 10/07, NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, 2010.
Spence, D. H. N.: Subarctic debris and scrub vegetation in Shetland, in: The
Natural Environment of Shetland, edited by: Goodier, R., NCC, Edinburgh,
50–72, 1974.
UK Environmental Change Network: UK Environmental Change Network, available
at: http://www.ecn.ac.uk/, last access: 2 September 2015.
UK GEMINI: UK GEMINI, available at:
http://www.agi.org.uk/join-us/agi-groups/standards-committee/uk-gemini,
last access: 12 May 2015.
Viking Energy: The Project (The Viking Wind Farm), available at:
http://www.vikingenergy.co.uk/the-project, last access: 7 January 2016.
Wills, J.: A place in the Sun: Shetland and Oil-Myths and Realities,
Mainstream Publishing Company, Edinburgh, 1991.
Wilson, E.: Freedom and loss in a human landscape: Multinational oil
exploitation and the survival of reindeer herding in north-eastern Sakhalin,
the Russian Far East, Sibirica, 3, 21–48, https://doi.org/10.1080/1361736032000168012,
2003.
Wood, C. M., Smart, S. M., and Bunce, R. G. H.: Woodland Survey of Great
Britain 1971–2001, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, 203–214,
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-203-2015, 2015.
Short summary
A survey of the natural environment was undertaken in Shetland in 1974, after concern was expressed that large-scale development from the new oil industry could threaten the natural features of the islands. A framework was constructed by the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology on which to select samples for the survey. The vegetation and habitat data that were collected, along with the sampling framework, have recently been made public.
A survey of the natural environment was undertaken in Shetland in 1974, after concern was...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint