Articles | Volume 18, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-6435-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-6435-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data review article
| 
04 Sep 2026
Data review article |
| 04 Sep 2026
| 04 Sep 2026
A gridded dataset of European Forest Types to support forest monitoring, modelling and reporting
Francesca Giannetti
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, 50145, Italy
Bluebiloba Startup Innovativa s.r.l, Via C. Salutati 78, 50126, Florence, Italy
Ilaria Zorzi
Bluebiloba Startup Innovativa s.r.l, Via C. Salutati 78, 50126, Florence, Italy
Stefanie Linser
Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Centre for Bioeconomy and EFI Forest Policy Research Network, BOKU University, Feistmantelstr. 4, 1180 Vienna, Austria
Mathias Neumann
Department of Ecosystem Management, Climate and Biodiversity, BOKU University, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
Sorin Cheval
National Meteorological Administration, 97 Bucuresti-Ploiesti, Bucharest, 013686, Romania
Babeş-Bolyai University, Geography Doctoral School, Cluj-Napoca, 400006, Romania
Alessio Collalti
Forest Modelling Lab., Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), 06128, Perugia, Italy
National Biodiversity Future Centre (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
Elia Vangi
Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, 50145, Italy
Forest Modelling Lab., Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), 06128, Perugia, Italy
Elisa Grieco
Forest Modelling Lab., Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), 06128, Perugia, Italy
Mauro Morichetti
Forest Modelling Lab., Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), 06128, Perugia, Italy
Giovanni D'Amico
Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, 50145, Italy
Nicu Constantin Tudose
National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry (INCDS) “Marin Dracea”, Closca 13, Brasov, 50040, Romania
Alice Ludvig
Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Centre for Bioeconomy and EFI Forest Policy Research Network, BOKU University, Feistmantelstr. 4, 1180 Vienna, Austria
Livia Passarino
Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, 50145, Italy
Jessica Scriva
Bluebiloba Startup Innovativa s.r.l, Via C. Salutati 78, 50126, Florence, Italy
Yamuna Giambastiani
Bluebiloba Startup Innovativa s.r.l, Via C. Salutati 78, 50126, Florence, Italy
Irene Fattoretto
Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, 50145, Italy
Giuliano Secchi
Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, 50145, Italy
Davide Travaglini
Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, 50145, Italy
Gherardo Chirici
Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, 50145, Italy
National Biodiversity Future Centre (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
Piermaria Corona
Department for Innovation in Biological, Agri-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
Marco Marchetti
Department of Design and Architecture, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Flaminia 359, 00100, Rome, Italy
Anna Barbati
Department for Innovation in Biological, Agri-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
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Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
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We created a database of European forests by combining subnational data from national forest inventories, census, and international sources, harmonizing forest area, growing stock, and harvest into annual time series for 2000–2023. The database enables forest-use intensity and uncertainty analyses and provides a valuable resource for studying forest biomass dynamics, carbon balances, forest use, and sustainable forest management across Europe.
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We created the first long-term map of tree height in Italy, showing yearly changes from 2004 to 2024 at a 30-meter resolution. Using satellite images and laser data from both aircraft and space, we applied deep learning and statistical fusion to produce accurate estimates. This map helps reveal where forests have been disturbed and how they recover over time, offering a valuable tool to support forest protection and climate policy.
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Despite differences in the reproduction of gross primary productivity (GPP) by Earth system models (ESMs), ESMs have similar predictability of the global carbon cycle. We found that, although GPP variability originates from different regions and is driven by different climatic variables across the ESMs, the ESMs rely on the same mechanisms to predict their own GPP. This shows that the predictability of the carbon cycle is limited by our understanding of variability rather than predictability.
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Short summary
This study provides the first consistent map of forest types across Europe. By combining tree species information and forest maps using a transparent method, we identified major forest types across the continent. The dataset supports better forest monitoring, conservation planning, and policy decisions to protect biodiversity and ecosystem services.
This study provides the first consistent map of forest types across Europe. By combining tree...
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