Articles | Volume 17, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2625-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2625-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
16 Jun 2025
Data description paper |
| 16 Jun 2025
| 16 Jun 2025
Expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data collected along the Southern Ocean chokepoint between Aotearoa / New Zealand and Antarctica, 1994–2024
Giuseppe Aulicino
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Parthenope”, 80143 Naples, Italy
Istituto di Scienze Polari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 40129 Bologna, Italy
Antonino Ian Ferola
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Parthenope”, 80143 Naples, Italy
European Space Agency, 00044 Frascati, Italy
Laura Fortunato
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Parthenope”, 80143 Naples, Italy
Giorgio Budillon
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Parthenope”, 80143 Naples, Italy
Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), 00196 Rome, Italy
Pasquale Castagno
Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), 00196 Rome, Italy
Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
Pierpaolo Falco
Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), 00196 Rome, Italy
Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
Giannetta Fusco
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Parthenope”, 80143 Naples, Italy
Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), 00196 Rome, Italy
Naomi Krauzig
Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), 00196 Rome, Italy
Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
Giancarlo Spezie
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Parthenope”, 80143 Naples, Italy
Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), 00196 Rome, Italy
Enrico Zambianchi
Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), 00196 Rome, Italy
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
Yuri Cotroneo
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Parthenope”, 80143 Naples, Italy
Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (CoNISMa), 00196 Rome, Italy
Related authors
Verónica González-Gambau, Estrella Olmedo, Aina García-Espriu, Cristina González-Haro, Antonio Turiel, Carolina Gabarró, Alessandro Silvano, Aditya Narayanan, Alberto Naveira-Garabato, Rafael Catany, Nina Hoareau, Marta Umbert, Giuseppe Aulicino, Yuri Cotroneo, Roberto Sabia, and Diego Fernández-Prieto
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-212, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-212, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces a new Sea Surface Salinity product for the Southern Ocean, based on SMOS data and developed by the Barcelona Expert Center. It offers 9-day maps on a 25 km EASE-SL grid, from 2011 to 2023, covering areas south of 30° S. The product is accurate beyond 150 km from sea ice, with nearly zero bias and a ~0.22 STD. It tracks well seasonal and interannual changes and will contribute to the understanding of processes influenced by upper-ocean salinity, including ice formation/melt.
Verónica González-Gambau, Estrella Olmedo, Aina García-Espriu, Cristina González-Haro, Antonio Turiel, Carolina Gabarró, Alessandro Silvano, Aditya Narayanan, Alberto Naveira-Garabato, Rafael Catany, Nina Hoareau, Marta Umbert, Giuseppe Aulicino, Yuri Cotroneo, Roberto Sabia, and Diego Fernández-Prieto
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-212, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-212, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduces a new Sea Surface Salinity product for the Southern Ocean, based on SMOS data and developed by the Barcelona Expert Center. It offers 9-day maps on a 25 km EASE-SL grid, from 2011 to 2023, covering areas south of 30° S. The product is accurate beyond 150 km from sea ice, with nearly zero bias and a ~0.22 STD. It tracks well seasonal and interannual changes and will contribute to the understanding of processes influenced by upper-ocean salinity, including ice formation/melt.
Shenjie Zhou, Pierre Dutrieux, Claudia F. Giulivi, Adrian Jenkins, Alessandro Silvano, Christopher Auckland, E. Povl Abrahamsen, Michael P. Meredith, Irena Vaňková, Keith W. Nicholls, Peter E. D. Davis, Svein Østerhus, Arnold L. Gordon, Christopher J. Zappa, Tiago S. Dotto, Theodore A. Scambos, Kathyrn L. Gunn, Stephen R. Rintoul, Shigeru Aoki, Craig Stevens, Chengyan Liu, Sukyoung Yun, Tae-Wan Kim, Won Sang Lee, Markus Janout, Tore Hattermann, Julius Lauber, Elin Darelius, Anna Wåhlin, Leo Middleton, Pasquale Castagno, Giorgio Budillon, Karen J. Heywood, Jennifer Graham, Stephen Dye, Daisuke Hirano, and Una Kim Miller
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-54, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-54, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
We created the first standardised dataset of in-situ ocean measurements time series from around Antarctica collected since 1970s. This includes temperature, salinity, pressure, and currents recorded by instruments deployed in icy, challenging conditions. Our analysis highlights the dominance of tidal currents and separates these from other patterns to study regional energy distribution. This unique dataset offers a foundation for future research on Antarctic ocean dynamics and ice interactions.
Vincenzo Capozzi, Francesco Serrapica, Armando Rocco, Clizia Annella, and Giorgio Budillon
The Cryosphere, 19, 565–595, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-565-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-565-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This “journey through time” discovers historical information about snow precipitation in the Italian Apennines. In this area, in the second half of the past century, a gradual decline in snow persistence on the ground, as well as in the frequency of occurrence of snowfall events, has been observed, especially in sites located above 1000 m above sea level. The old data rescued in this study strongly enhance our knowledge about past snowfall variability and climate in the Mediterranean area.
Elisa Adirosi, Federico Porcù, Mario Montopoli, Luca Baldini, Alessandro Bracci, Vincenzo Capozzi, Clizia Annella, Giorgio Budillon, Edoardo Bucchignani, Alessandra Lucia Zollo, Orietta Cazzuli, Giulio Camisani, Renzo Bechini, Roberto Cremonini, Andrea Antonini, Alberto Ortolani, Samantha Melani, Paolo Valisa, and Simone Scapin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2417–2429, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2417-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2417-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The paper describes the database of 1 min drop size distribution (DSD) of atmospheric precipitation collected by the Italian disdrometer network over the last 10 years. These data are useful for several applications that range from climatological, meteorological and hydrological uses to telecommunications, agriculture and conservation of cultural heritage exposed to precipitation. Descriptions of the processing and of the database organization, along with some examples, are provided.
Emma Reyes, Eva Aguiar, Michele Bendoni, Maristella Berta, Carlo Brandini, Alejandro Cáceres-Euse, Fulvio Capodici, Vanessa Cardin, Daniela Cianelli, Giuseppe Ciraolo, Lorenzo Corgnati, Vlado Dadić, Bartolomeo Doronzo, Aldo Drago, Dylan Dumas, Pierpaolo Falco, Maria Fattorini, Maria J. Fernandes, Adam Gauci, Roberto Gómez, Annalisa Griffa, Charles-Antoine Guérin, Ismael Hernández-Carrasco, Jaime Hernández-Lasheras, Matjaž Ličer, Pablo Lorente, Marcello G. Magaldi, Carlo Mantovani, Hrvoje Mihanović, Anne Molcard, Baptiste Mourre, Adèle Révelard, Catalina Reyes-Suárez, Simona Saviano, Roberta Sciascia, Stefano Taddei, Joaquín Tintoré, Yaron Toledo, Marco Uttieri, Ivica Vilibić, Enrico Zambianchi, and Alejandro Orfila
Ocean Sci., 18, 797–837, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-797-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-797-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work reviews the existing advanced and emerging scientific and societal applications using HFR data, developed to address the major challenges identified in Mediterranean coastal waters organized around three main topics: maritime safety, extreme hazards and environmental transport processes. It also includes a discussion and preliminary assessment of the capabilities of existing HFR applications, finally providing a set of recommendations towards setting out future prospects.
Pablo Lorente, Eva Aguiar, Michele Bendoni, Maristella Berta, Carlo Brandini, Alejandro Cáceres-Euse, Fulvio Capodici, Daniela Cianelli, Giuseppe Ciraolo, Lorenzo Corgnati, Vlado Dadić, Bartolomeo Doronzo, Aldo Drago, Dylan Dumas, Pierpaolo Falco, Maria Fattorini, Adam Gauci, Roberto Gómez, Annalisa Griffa, Charles-Antoine Guérin, Ismael Hernández-Carrasco, Jaime Hernández-Lasheras, Matjaž Ličer, Marcello G. Magaldi, Carlo Mantovani, Hrvoje Mihanović, Anne Molcard, Baptiste Mourre, Alejandro Orfila, Adèle Révelard, Emma Reyes, Jorge Sánchez, Simona Saviano, Roberta Sciascia, Stefano Taddei, Joaquín Tintoré, Yaron Toledo, Laura Ursella, Marco Uttieri, Ivica Vilibić, Enrico Zambianchi, and Vanessa Cardin
Ocean Sci., 18, 761–795, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-761-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-761-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
High-frequency radar (HFR) is a land-based remote sensing technology that can provide maps of the surface circulation over broad coastal areas, along with wave and wind information. The main goal of this work is to showcase the current status of the Mediterranean HFR network as well as present and future applications of this sensor for societal benefit such as search and rescue operations, safe vessel navigation, tracking of marine pollutants, and the monitoring of extreme events.
Vincenzo Capozzi, Carmela De Vivo, and Giorgio Budillon
The Cryosphere, 16, 1741–1763, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1741-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1741-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work documents the snowfall variability observed from late XIX century to recent years in Montevergine (southern Italy) and discusses its relationship with large-scale atmospheric circulation. The main results lie in the absence of a trend until mid-1970s, in the strong reduction of the snowfall quantity and frequency from mid-1970s to 1990s and in the increase of both variables from early 2000s. In the past 50 years, the nivometric regime has been strongly modulated by AO and NAO indices.
Gaia Mattei, Diana Di Luccio, Guido Benassai, Giorgio Anfuso, Giorgio Budillon, and Pietro Aucelli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3809–3825, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3809-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3809-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the characteristics of a destructive marine storm in the strongly inhabited coastal area of the Gulf of Naples, along the Italian coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea, which is highly vulnerable to marine storms due to the accelerated relative sea level rise trend and the increased anthropogenic impact on the coastal area. Finally, a first assessment of the return period of this event was evaluated using local press reports on damage to urban furniture and port infrastructures.
Cited articles
Armour, K. C., Marshall, J., Scott, J. R., Donohoe, A., and Newsom, E. R.: Southern Ocean warming delayed by circumpolar upwelling and equatorward transport, Nat. Geosci., 9, 549–554, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2731, 2016.
Aulicino, G. and Wadhams, P.: Editorial for the Special Issue “Remote Sensing of the Polar Oceans”, Remote Sens., 14, 6195, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246195, 2022.
Aulicino, G., Cotroneo, Y., de Ruggiero, P., Buono, A., Corcione, V., Nunziata, F., and Fusco, G.: Remote Sensing Applications in Satellite Oceanography, in: Measurement for the Sea. Springer Series in Measurement Science and Technology, edited by: Daponte, P., Rossi, G. B., and Piscopo, V., Springer, Cham, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82024-4_8, 2022.
Aulicino, G., Cotroneo, Y., and Ferola, A. I.: XBT water column temperature data collected in the Southern Ocean between New Zealand and the Ross Sea during the austral summers from 1994/1995 to 2023/2024, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14848849, 2025.
Bailey, R., Gronell, A., Phillips, H., Tanner, E., and Meyers, G.: Quality control cookbook for XBT data, Version 1.1, CSIRO Marine Laboratories Reports 221, CSIRO, https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1482, 1994.
Belkin, I. M.: Hydrological fronts of the Indian Subantarctic, in: The Antarctic, The Committee Reports, Nauka, Mosca, 265–268, 1990.
Belkin, I. M. and Gordon, A. L.: Southern Ocean fronts from the Greenwich meridian to Tasmania, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 265–268, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC02750, 1996.
Botnikov, V. N.: Geographical position of the Antarctic Convergence Zone in the Antarctic Ocean, Soviet Antarctic Exped. Inform. Bull., 41, 324–327, 1963.
Budillon, G. and Rintoul, S. R.: Fronts and upper ocean thermal variability south of New Zealand, Antartct. Sci., 15, 141–152, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102003001135, 2003.
Buongiorno Nardelli, B.: A Deep Learning Network to Retrieve Ocean Hydrographic Profiles from Combined Satellite and In Situ Measurements, Remote Sens., 12, 3151, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12193151, 2020.
Buongiorno Nardelli, B., Guinehut, S., Verbrugge, N., Cotroneo, Y., Zambianchi, E., and Iudicone, D.: Southern Ocean mixed-layer seasonal and interannual variations from combined satellite and in situ data, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 10042–10060, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013314, 2017.
Cerrone, D., Fusco, G., Cotroneo, Y., Simmonds, I., and Budillon, G.: The Antarctic circumpolar wave: Its presence and interdecadal changes during the last 142 years, J. Climate, 30, 6371–6389, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0646.1, 2017a.
Cerrone, D., Fusco, G., Simmonds, I., Aulicino, G., and Budillon, G.: Dominant covarying climate signals in the Southern Ocean and Antarctic sea ice influence during the last three decades, J. Climate, 30, 3055–3072, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0439.1, 2017b.
Chapman, C. C.: New perspectives on frontal variability in the Southern Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 47, 1151–1168, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-16-0222.1, 2017.
Chelton, D. B., Schlax, M. G., and Samelson, R. M.: Global observations of nonlinear mesoscale eddies, Prog. Oceanogr., 91, 167–216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.01.002, 2011.
Chen, X., Chen, G., Ge, L., Cao, C. and Huang, B.: Medium-range forecasting of oceanic eddy trajectory, Int. J. Digit. Earth, 17, https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2023.2300325, 2024a.
Chen, Z., Wang, X., Cao, H., and Song, X.: Mapping high-resolution surface current by incorporating geostrophic equilibrium with surface quasigeostrophic theory using multi-source satellite observations, Remote Sens. Environ., 304, 114058, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2024.114058, 2024b.
Cheng, L., Zhu, J., Cowley, R., Boyer, T., and Wijffels, S.: Time, probe type, and temperature variable bias corrections to historical expendable bathythermograph observations, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 31, 1793–1825, https://doi.org/10.1175/Jtech-D-13-00197.1, 2014.
Cheng, L., Abraham, J., Goni, G., Boyer, T., Wijffels, S., Cowley, R., Gouretski, V., Reseghetti, F., Kizu, S., Dong, S., Bringas, F., Goes, M., Houpert, L., Sprintall, J., and Zhu, J.: XBT Science: assessment of instrumental biases and errors, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97, 924–933, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00031.1, 2016.
Convey, P. and Peck, L. S.: Antarctic environmental change and biological responses, Sci. Adv., 5, eaaz0888, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0888, 2019.
Cotroneo, Y., Budillon, G., Fusco, G. and Spezie, G.: Cold core eddies and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current south of New Zealand from in situ and satellite data, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 2653–2666, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20193, 2013.
Cotroneo, Y., Aulicino, G., Ruiz, S., Pascual, A., Budillon, G., Fusco, G., and Tintoré, J.: Glider and satellite high resolution monitoring of a mesoscale eddy in the Algerian basin: Effects on the mixed layer depth and biochemistry, J. Mar. Syst., 162, 73–88, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.12.004, 2016.
Cotroneo, Y., Budillon, G., Meloni, R., Aliani, S., Zambardino, G., and Spezie, G.: Water temperature data from XBT taken from research vessel Italica in the Southern Ocean and Southwest Pacific Ocean from 2010-01-25 to 2010-01-29 (NCEI Accession 0167835), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.7289/v50r9mmm, 2017a.
Cotroneo, Y., Budillon, G., Castagno, P., De Alteris, A., De Stefano, M., Falco, P., Fusco, G., Zambardino, G., and Spezie, G.: Water temperature from XBT taken from research vessel Italica in the Southern Ocean and Southwest Pacific Ocean from 2012-01-13 to 2012-01-19 (NCEI Accession 0167834), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.7289/v54j0cbw, 2017b.
Cotroneo, Y., Budillon, G., Artegiani, A., Conversano, F., Corbo, C., Gallarato, A., Giaquinto, G., Russo, A., Sala, A., Testa, G., and Spezie, G.: Water temperature data from XBT taken from the research vessel Italica in the Southern Ocean and Southwest Pacific Ocean from 1994-11-03 to 1995-01-01 (NCEI Accession 0170608), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.7289/v5rf5s9v, 2018a.
Cotroneo, Y., Budillon, G., Artegiani, A., Conversano, F., Corbo, C., Gallarato, A., Giaquinto, G., Russo, A., Sala, A., Testa, G., and Spezie, G.: Water temperature data from XBT taken from the research vessel Italica in the Southern Ocean and Southwest Pacific Ocean from 1995-01-06 to 1995-03-02 (NCEI Accession 0170765), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.7289/v53r0r5z, 2018b.
Cotroneo, Y., Budillon, G., Artegiani, A., Ferrara, C., Meloni, R., and Spezie, G.: Water temperature from XBT taken from research vessel Italica in the Southern Ocean and Southwest Pacific Ocean from 1996-01-07 to 1996-02-18 (NCEI Accession 0171481), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.7289/v5x065b9, 2018c.
Cotroneo, Y., Budillon, G., Conversano, F., Ferrara, C., and Spezie, G.: Water temperature from XBT taken from the research vessel Italica in the Southern Ocean and Southwest Pacific Ocean from 1997-01-26 to 1997-02-19 (NCEI Accession 0172042), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.7289/v5kd1w6b, 2018d.
Cotroneo, Y., Budillon, G., Bergamasco, A., Capello, M., De Stefano, M., Ferrara, C., Paschini, E., Russo, A., and Spezie, G.: Water temperature data from XBT col-lected from research vessel Italica in Southern Ocean and Southwest Pacific Ocean from 1997-11-23 to 1998-03-06 (NCEI Accession 0172859), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.7289/v50863mf, 2018e.
Cotroneo, Y., Budillon, G., Ferrara, C., Meloni, R., Paschini, E., and Spezie, G.: Water temperature from XBT taken from the research vessel Italica in the Southern Ocean and Southwest Pacific Ocean from 1999-01-05 to 1999-01-11 (NCEI Accession 0173211), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.7289/v5mg7mtc, 2018f.
Cotroneo, Y., Budillon, G., Ferrara, C., Paschini, E., Russo, A., and Spezie, G.: Water temperature from XBT taken from the research vessel Italica in the Southern Ocean and Southwest Pacific Ocean from 2000-01-07 to 2000-02-18 (NCEI Accession 0173212), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.7289/v56d5r8p, 2018g.
Cotroneo, Y., Budillon, G., Bergamasco, A., De Stefano, M., Ferrara, C., Paschini, E., and Spezie, G.: Water temperature from XBT taken from the research vessel Italica in the Southern Ocean and Southwest Pacific Ocean from 2001-01-06 to 2001-02-26 (NCEI Accession 0173213), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.7289/v5s75dpg, 2018h.
Cotroneo, Y., Budillon, G., Ferrara, C., Orsi, M., Paschini, E., Rivaro, P., and Spezie, G.: Water temperature from XBT taken from the research vessel Italica in the Southern Ocean and Southwest Pacific Ocean from 2001-12-24 to 2001-12-31 (NCEI Accession 0173214), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.7289/v5ng4nzr, 2018i.
Cotroneo, Y., Budillon, G., Bergamasco, A., De Alteris, A., De Stefano, M., Ferrara, C., Manno, C., Paschini, E., and Spezie, G.: Water temperature from XBT taken from the research vessel Italica in the Southern Ocean and Southwest Pacific Ocean from 2003-01-06 to 2003-01-11 (NCEI Accession 0173338), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.7289/v5qz289c, 2018j.
Cotroneo, Y., Budillon, G., Ferrara, C., Monteduro, R., Russo, A., and Spezie, G.: Water temperature from XBT taken from the research vessel Italica in the Southern Ocean and Southwest Pacific Ocean from 2003-12-24 to 2003-12-28 (NCEI Accession 0173328), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.7289/v5vq3113, 2018k.
Cotroneo, Y., Budillon, G., Aliani, S., Capello, M., Ferrara, C., Paschini, E., and Spezie, G.: Water temperature from XBT taken from the research vessel Italica in the Southern Ocean and Southwest Pacific Ocean from 2005-01-01 to 2005-01-06 (NCEI Accession 0173533), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.7289/v5vh5m45, 2018l.
Cotroneo, Y., Budillon, G., Ferrara, C., Meloni, R., and Spezie, G.: Water temperature from XBT taken from the research vessel Italica in the Southern Ocean and Southwest Pacific Ocean from 2007-02-05 to 2007-02-10 (NCEI Accession 0174709), Version 1.1, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/c8bm-xh74, 2018m.
Cotroneo, Y., Budillon, G., Aliani, S., Ferrara, C., Greco, A., Meloni, R., and Spezie, G.: Water temperature from XBT taken from the research vessel Italica in the Southern Ocean and Southwest Pacific Ocean from 2008-01-16 to 2008-01-21 (NCEI Accession 0174711), Version 1.1, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/q29v-c980, 2018n.
Cotroneo, Y., Budillon, G., Castagno, P., Colizza, E., Cotterle, D., Falco, P., Ferrara, C., Karlicek, D., Petronio, L., and Spezie, G.: Water temperature from XBT taken from the research vessel Araon in the Southern Ocean and Southwest Pacific Ocean from 2013-01-24 to 2013-02-06 (NCEI Accession 0174794), Version 1.1, NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/9YTS-P771, 2018o.
Cotroneo, Y., Budillon, G., Falco, P., Fusco, G., De Stefano, M., Pettersson, E., Zambardino, G., and Spezie, G.: Water temperature from XBT taken from the research vessel Italica in the Southern Ocean and Southwest Pacific Ocean from 2006-01-01 to 2006-01-04 (NCEI Accession 0207044), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/hzcp-d813, 2019.
Cotroneo, Y., Ferola, A. I., Aulicino, G., Castagno, P., De Stefano, M., Falco, P., Fusco, G., Spezie, G., Zambardino, G., Zambianchi, E., and Budillon, G.: Water temperature taken by XBT from the research vessel Italica in the Southern Ocean (>60 degrees South) and Southwest Pacific Ocean (limit-147 E to 140 W) from 2013-12-30 to 2014-02-18 (NCEI Accession 0287161), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/220j-b370, 2024a.
Cotroneo, Y., Ferola, A. I., Aulicino, G., Castagno, P., Falco, P., Fusco, G., Spezie, G., Zambianchi, E., and Budillon, G.: Water temperature taken by XBT from the research vessel Araon in the Southern Ocean (>60 degrees South) and Southwest Pacific Ocean (limit-147 E to 140 W) from 2015-01-02 to 2015-01-10 (NCEI Accession 0287162), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/9ph6-c102, 2024b.
Cotroneo, Y., Ferola, A. I., Aulicino, G., Castagno, P., De Alteris, A., Falco, P., Fusco, G., Spezie, G., Zambardino, G., Zambianchi, E., and Budillon, G.: Water temperature taken by XBT from the research vessel Italica in the Southern Ocean (>60 degrees South) and Southwest Pacific Ocean (limit-147 E to 140 W) from 2016-01-16 to 2016-01-28 (NCEI Accession 0287159), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/zf04-ch06, 2024c.
Cotroneo, Y., Ferola, A. I., Aulicino, G., Castagno, P., De Alteris, A., Falco, P., Fusco, G., Spezie, G., Zambardino, G., Zambianchi, E., and Budillon, G.: Water temperature taken by XBT from the research vessel Italica in the Southern Ocean (>60 degrees South) and Southwest Pacific Ocean (limit-147 E to 140 W) from 2016-12-31 to 2017-01-05 (NCEI Accession 0287163), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/vvmp-rr55, 2024d.
Cotroneo, Y., Ferola, A. I., Aulicino, G., Castagno, P., De Alteris, A., Falco, P., Fusco, G., Spezie, G., Zambardino, G., Zambianchi, E., and Budillon, G.: Water temperature taken by XBT from the research vessel Araon in Southern Oceans (>60 degrees South) and Southwest Pacific Ocean (limit-147 E to 140 W) from 2019-02-08 to 2019-02-12 (NCEI Accession 0287554), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/jeee-zf77, 2024e.
Cotroneo, Y., Ferola, A. I., Aulicino, G., Castagno, P., De Alteris, A., Falco, P., Fusco, G., Spezie, G., Zambardino, G., Zambianchi, E., and Budillon, G.: Water temperature taken by XBT from the research vessel Laura Bassi in the Southern Ocean (>60 degrees South) and Southwest Pacific Ocean (limit-147 E to 140 W) from 2020-01-07 to 2020-01-12 (NCEI Accession 0287549), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/1ysg-dw94, 2024f.
Cotroneo, Y., Ferola, A. I., Aulicino, G., Castagno, P., De Alteris, A., Falco, P., Fusco, G., Spezie, G., Zambardino, G., Zambianchi, E., and Budillon, G.: Water temperature taken by XBT from the research vessel Laura Bassi in the Southern Ocean (>60 degrees South) and Southwest Pacific Ocean (limit-147 E to 140 W) from 2020-12-25 to 2021-01-02 (NCEI Accession 0297164), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/aeg5-hw87, 2024g.
Cotroneo, Y., Ferola, A. I., Aulicino, G., Castagno, P., De Alteris, A., De Stefano, M., Falco, P., Fusco, G., Spezie, G., Zambardino, G., Zambianchi, E., and Budillon, G.: Water temperature taken by XBT from the research vessel Laura Bassi in the Southern Ocean (>60 degrees South) and Southwest Pacific Ocean (limit-147 E to 140 W) from 2022-01-08 to 2022-01-26 (NCEI Accession 0297165), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/3mmd-tj60, 2024h.
Cotroneo, Y., Ferola, A. I., Aulicino, G., Castagno, P., De Alteris, A., De Stefano, V., Falco, P., Fusco, G., Spezie, G., Zambardino, G., Zambianchi, E., and Budillon, G.: Water temperature taken by XBT from the research vessel Laura Bassi in the Southern Ocean (>60 degrees South) and Southwest Pacific Ocean (limit-147 E to 140 W) from 2023-01-06 to 2023-01-12 (NCEI Accession 0297163), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/kte7-d058, 2024i.
Cotroneo, Y., Ferola, A. I., Aulicino, G., Castagno, P., De Alteris, A., De Stefano, V., Di Palma, S., Esposito, M., Falco, P., Fusco, G., Garzia, A., Krauzig, N., Lucà, N., Spezie, G., Zambardino, G., Zambianchi, E., and Budillon, G.: Water temperature taken by XBT from the research vessel Laura Bassi in the Southern Ocean (>60 degrees South) and Southwest Pacific Ocean (limit-147 E to 140 W) from 2024-01-07 to 2024-01-12 (NCEI Accession 0297166), NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [data set], https://doi.org/10.25921/jc13-ek97, 2024j.
Cowley, R., Wijffels, S., Cheng, L., Boyer, T., and Kizu, S.: Biases in expendable bathythermograph data: A new view based on historical side-by-side comparisons, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech.., 30, 1195–1225, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00127.1, 2013.
Daneshzadeh, Y. H., Festa, J. F., and Minton, S. M.: Procedures used at AOML to quality control real time XBT data collected in the Atlantic Ocean. Miami, USA, NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, 44 pp., https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1485, 1994.
Downes, S. M., Farneti, R., Uotila, P., Griffies, S. M., Marsland, S. J., Bailey, D., Behrens, E., Bentsen, M., Bi, D., Biastoch, A., Böning, C., Bozec, A., Canuto, V. M., Chassignet, E., Danabasoglu, G., Danilov, S., Diansky, N., Drange, H., Fogli, P. G., Gusev, A., Howard, A., Ilicak, M., Jung, T., Kelley, M., Large, W. G., Leboissetier, A., Long, M., Lu, J., Masina, S., Mishra, A., Navarra, A., Nurser, A. J. G., Patara, L., Samuels, B. L., Sidorenko, D., Spence, P., Tsujino, H., Wang, Q., and Yeager, S. J.: An assessment of Southern Ocean water masses and sea ice during 1988–2007 in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations, Ocean Model., 94, 67–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.07.022, 2015.
Falco, P. and Zambianchi, E.: Near-surface structure of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current derived from World Ocean Circulation Experiment drifter data, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C05003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006349, 2011.
Falco, P., Castagno, P., Cotroneo, Y., Aulicino, G., Budillon, G., de Ruggiero, P., Fusco, G., and Zambianchi, G.: Measurements for Oceanography, in: Measurement for the Sea, Springer Series in Measurement Science and Technology, edited by: Daponte, P., Rossi, G. B., and Piscopo, V., Springer, Cham, Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82024-4_3, 2022.
Falco, P., Aulicino, G., Castagno, P., Capozzi, V., de Ruggiero, P., Garzia, A., Ferola, A. I., Cotroneo, Y., Colella, A., Fusco, G., Pierini, S., Budillon, G., Zambianchi, E., and Spezie, G.: Ocean-atmosphere-ice processes in the Ross Sea: A review, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 218, 105429, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2024.105429, 2024.
Ferola, A. I., Cotroneo, Y., Wadhams, P., Fusco, G., Falco, P., Budillon, G., and Aulicino, G.: The Role of the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge in Establishing the Northward Extent of Antarctic Sea-Ice, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2023GL104373, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL104373, 2023.
Frenger, I., Münnich, M., Gruber, N., and Knutti, R.: Southern Ocean eddy phenomenology, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 7413–7449, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011047, 2015.
GEBCO Compilation Group: GEBCO 2023 Grid, https://doi.org/10.5285/f98b053b-0cbc-6c23-e053-6c86abc0af7b, 2023.
Gille, S. T.: Mean sea surface height of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current from GEOSAT 600 data: methods and application, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18255–18273, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC01172, 1994.
Goni, G., Sprintall, J., Bringas, F., Cheng, L., Cirano, M., Dong, S., Domingues, R., Goes, M., Lopez, H., Morrow, R., Rivero, U., Rossby, T., Todd, R. E., Trinanes, J., Zilberman, N., Baringer, M., Boyer, T., Cowley, R., Domingues, C. M., Hutchinson, K., Kramp, M., Mata, M. M., Reseghetti, F., Sun, C., Bhaskar, U., and Volkov, D.: More than 50 years of successful continuous temperature section measurements by the global expendable bathythermograph network, its integrability, societal benefits, and future, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 452, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00452, 2019.
Gouretski, V. and Reseghetti, F.: On depth and temperature biases in bathythermograph data: Development of a new correction scheme based on analysis of a global ocean database. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 57, 812–833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2010.03.011, 2010.
Graham, R. M., de Boer, A. M., Heywood, K. J., Chapman, M. R., and Stevens, D. P.: Southern Ocean fronts: Controlled by wind or topography?, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C08018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JC007887, 2012.
Green, A. W.: Bulk dynamics of the expendable bathythermograph (XBT), Deep-Sea Res.Pt. A, 31, 415–426, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(84)90093-1, 1984.
Hanawa, K., Rual, P., Bailey, R., Sy, A., and Szabados, M.: A new depth-time equation for Sippican or TSK T-7, T-6 and T-4 expendable bathythermographs (XBT), Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 42, 1423–1451, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(95)97154-Z, 1995.
IOC – Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission: Ocean Data Standards Volume 3, Recommendation for a Quality Flag Scheme for the Exchange of Oceanographic and Marine Meteorological Data, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Manuals and Guides, Vol. 54, UNESCO-IOC, Paris, France, 5 pp. and Annexes, https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-6, 2013.
Legler, D. M., Freeland, H. J., Lumpkin, R., Ball, G., McPhaden, M. J., North, S., Crowley, R., Goni, G. J., Send, U., and Merrifield, M. A.: The current status of the real-time in situ Global Ocean Observing System for operational oceanography, J. Oper. Oceanogr., 8, s189–s200, https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2015.1049883, 2015.
McGillicuddy Jr., D. J.: Mechanisms of physical-biological-biogeochemical interaction at the oceanic mesoscale, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 8, 125–159, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015606, 2016.
Menna, M., Cotroneo, Y., Falco, P., Zambianchi, E., Di Lemma, R., Poulain, P. M., and Budillon, G.: Response of the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean to wind stress variability from 1995 to 2017, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015696, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015696, 2020.
Morales Maqueda, M. A., Willmott, A. J., and Biggs, N. R. T.: Polynya dynamics: A review of observations and modelling, Rev. Geophys., 42, RG1004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002RG000116, 2004.
Orsi, A. H., Whitworth, T., and Nowlin, W. D.: On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic circumpolar current, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 42, 641–673, https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(95)00021-W, 1995.
Parks, J., Bringas, F., Cowley, R., Hanstein, C., Krummel, L., Sprintall, J., Cheng, L., Cirano, M., Cruz, S., Goes, M., Kizu, S., and Reseghetti, F.: XBT operational best practices for quality assurance, Front. Mar. Sci., 9, 991760, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.991760, 2022
Reverdin, G., Marin, F., Bourles, B., and L'Herminier, P.: XBT temperature errors during French research cruises (1999–2007), J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26, 2462–2473, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JTECHO655.1, 2009.
Rintoul, S. R.: The global influence of localized dynamics in the Southern Ocean, Nature, 558, 209–218, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0182-3, 2018.
Rintoul, S. R., Donguy, J. R., and Roemmich, D. H.: Seasonal evolution of upper ocean thermal structure between Tasmania and Antarctica, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 44, 1185–1202, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(96)00125-2, 1997.
Roemmich, D., Wilson, W. S., Gould, W. J., Owens, W. B., Le Traon, P.-Y., Freeland, H. J., King, B. A., Wijffels, S., Sutton, P. J. H., and Zilberman, N.: Chapter 4 – The Argo Program, in: Science of Sustainable Systems, Partnerships in Marine Research, edited by: Auad, G. and Wiese, F. K., Elsevier, 53–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90427-8.00004-6, 2022.
Schlitzer, R.: Ocean Data View, http://odv.awi.de (last access: 13 March 2025), 2022.
Seaver, G. A. and Kuleshov, S.: Experimental and analytical error of the expendable bathythermograph, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 592–600, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1982)012<0592:EAAEOT>2.0.CO;2, 1982.
Seo, H., O'Neill, L. W., Bourassa, M. A., Czaja, A., Drushka, K., Edson, J. B., Fox-Kemper, B., Frenger, I., Gille, S. T., Kirtman, B. P., Minobe, S., Pendergrass, A. G., Renault, L., Roberts, M. J., Schneider, N., Small, R. J., Stoffelen, A., and Wang, Q.: Ocean Mesoscale and Frontal-Scale Ocean–Atmosphere Interactions and Influence on Large-Scale Climate: A Review, J. Climate, 36, 1981–2013, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0982.1, 2023.
Simoncelli, S., Reseghetti, F., Fratianni, C., Cheng, L., and Raiteri, G.: Reprocessing of eXpendable BathyThermograph (XBT) profiles from the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas over the time period 1999–2019 with a full metadata upgrade, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5531–5561, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5531-2024, 2024.
Sokolov, S. and Rintoul, S. R.: Multiple Jets of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current South of Australia, J. Geophys. Res., 37, 1394–1412, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO3111.1, 2007.
Sokolov, S. and Rintoul, S. R.: Circumpolar structure and distribution of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current fronts: 1. Mean circumpolar paths, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C11018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jc005108, 2009a.
Sokolov, S. and Rintoul, S. R.: Circulation structure and distribution of the Antarctic circumpolar current fronts: 2. Variability and relationship to sea surface height, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C11019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005248, 2009b.
Tan, Z., Cheng, L., Gouretski, V., Zhang, B., Wang, Y., Li, F., and Zhu, J.: A new automatic quality control system for ocean profile observations and impact on ocean warming estimate, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 194, 103961, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2022.103961, 2023.
Trani, M., Falco, P., and Zambianchi, E.: Near-surface eddy dynamics in the Southern Ocean, Polar Res., 30, 11203, https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v30i0.11203, 2011.
Trani, M., Falco, P., Zambianchi, E., and Sallee, J. B.: Aspects of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current dynamics investigated with drifter data, Prog. Oceanogr., 125, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.05.001, 2014.
World Meteorological Organization: WMO statement on the status of the global climate in 2015, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/7786 (last access: 23 May 2024), 2016.
Short summary
This study presents 30 years of water temperature data from expendable bathythermograph (XBT) probes collected between Aotearoa / New Zealand and the Ross Sea (Antarctica). Gathered during research cruises by the Italian National Antarctic Research Program, the data were rigorously verified and corrected for depth and temperature bias. This dataset provides a valuable insight into the Southern Ocean's climate and enhances satellite observations and ocean models.
This study presents 30 years of water temperature data from expendable bathythermograph (XBT)...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint