Articles | Volume 17, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2217-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2217-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
27 May 2025
Data description paper |
| 27 May 2025
| 27 May 2025
One year of high-frequency monitoring of groundwater physico-chemical parameters in the Weierbach experimental catchment, Luxembourg
Karl Nicolaus van Zweel
VTT Technical Research Centre Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux 5, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
Laurent Gourdol
Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux 5, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
Jean François Iffly
Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux 5, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
Loïc Léonard
Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux 5, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
François Barnich
Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux 5, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
Laurent Pfister
Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux 5, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
Erwin Zehe
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Institut für Wasser und Gewässerentwicklung, Lehrstuhl für Hydrologie, Otto-Amman-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
Christophe Hissler
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux 5, 4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
Related authors
No articles found.
Evgeny Shavelzon, Erwin Zehe, and Yaniv Edery
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 5625–5644, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-5625-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-5625-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze how chemical reactions and fluid movement in porous materials interact, focusing on how water channels form in underground environments. Using a thermodynamic approach, we track energy dissipation due to fluid friction and chemical reaction, and correlate it with the intensity of the emerged water channels to understand this process. Over time, water channels become more defined, reducing energy dissipation due to mixing, reaction and fluid friction.
Erwin Zehe, Laurent Pfister, Dan Elhanati, and Brian Berkowitz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4656, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4656, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
Travel or transit time distributions play a key role in contaminant leaching from the partially saturated zone into groundwater. Here we show that average travel times are of different water isotopes may differ by 5–10 %. These difference arise in case of imperfect mixing due to trapping of isotope molecules in bottle necks of very small hydraulic conductivity. Molecules with smaller diffusion coefficient stay there for a longer time.
Dan Elhanati, Erwin Zehe, Ishai Dror, and Brian Berkowitz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3365, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3365, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of water isotopes are often used to estimate water transit time distributions and aquifer storage thickness in catchments. However, laboratory-scale measurements show that water isotopes exhibit transport behavior identical to that of inert chemical tracers rather than of pure water. The measured mean tracer and apparent mean water velocities are not necessarily equal; recognition of this inequality is critical when estimating catchment properties such as aquifer storage thickness.
Judith Nijzink, Ralf Loritz, Laurent Gourdol, Davide Zoccatelli, Jean François Iffly, and Laurent Pfister
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-482, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-482, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The CAMELS-LUX dataset (Catchment Attributes and MEteorology for Large-sample Studies – LUXembourg) contains hydrologic, meteorologic and thunderstorm formation relevant atmospheric time series of 56 Luxembourgish catchments (2004–2021). These catchments are characterized by a large physiographic variety on a relatively small scale in a homogeneous climate. The dataset can be applied for (regional) hydrological analyses.
Guilhem Türk, Christoph J. Gey, Bernd R. Schöne, Marius G. Floriancic, James W. Kirchner, Loic Leonard, Laurent Gourdol, Richard Keim, and Laurent Pfister
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1530, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1530, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
How landscape features affect water storage and release in catchments remains poorly understood. Here we used water stable isotopes in 12 streams to assess the fraction of precipitation reaching streamflow in less than 2 weeks. More recent precipitation was found when streamflow was high and the fraction was linked to the geology (i.e. high when impermeable, low when permeable). Such information is key for better anticipating streamflow responses to a changing climate.
Svenja Hoffmeister, Sibylle Kathrin Hassler, Friederike Lang, Rebekka Maier, Betserai Isaac Nyoka, and Erwin Zehe
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1719, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1719, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Combining trees and crops in agroforestry systems can potentially be a sustainable option for agriculture facing climate change impacts. We used methods from soil science and hydrology to assess the effect of adding gliricidia trees to maize fields, on carbon content, soil properties and water availability. Our results show a clear increase in carbon contents and effects on physical soil characteristics and water uptake and retention as a consequence of the agroforestry treatment.
Tim Busker, Daniela Rodriguez Castro, Sergiy Vorogushyn, Jaap Kwadijk, Davide Zoccatelli, Rafaella Loureiro, Heather J. Murdock, Laurent Pfister, Benjamin Dewals, Kymo Slager, Annegret H. Thieken, Jan Verkade, Patrick Willems, and Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-828, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-828, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In July 2021, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, and Belgium were hit by an extreme flood event with over 200 fatalities. Our study provides, for the first time, critical insights into the operational flood early-warning systems in this entire region. Based on 13 expert interviews, we conclude that the systems strongly improved in all countries. Interviewees stressed the need for operational impact-based forecasts, but emphasized that its operational implementation is challenging.
Guilhem Türk, Christoph Johannes Gey, Bernd Reinhard Schöne, and Laurent Pfister
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4169, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4169, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Past stream flow dynamics can be assessed using the stable isotopes of oxygen (O16/O18) in streams and precipitation from various proxy sources. Here, we show how they are retrieved in precipitation for ~150 years using temperature records and an atmospheric circulation classification scheme. Our robust and assumption-lean approach compares to model performances in the literature, demonstrating atmospheric controls of the temperature influence on precipitation O16/O18 compositions.
Huibin Gao, Laurent Pfister, and James W. Kirchner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-613, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-613, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Some streams respond to rainfall with flow that peaks twice: a sharp first peak followed by a broad second peak. We analyzed data from a catchment in Luxembourg to better understand the processes behind this phenomenon. Our results show that the first peak is mostly driven directly by rainfall, and the second peak is mostly driven by rain that infiltrates to groundwater. We also show that the relative importance of these two processes depends on how wet the landscape is before the rain falls.
Paolo Nasta, Günter Blöschl, Heye R. Bogena, Steffen Zacharias, Roland Baatz, Gabriëlle De Lannoy, Karsten H. Jensen, Salvatore Manfreda, Laurent Pfister, Ana M. Tarquis, Ilja van Meerveld, Marc Voltz, Yijian Zeng, William Kustas, Xin Li, Harry Vereecken, and Nunzio Romano
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 465–483, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-465-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-465-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Unsolved Problems in Hydrology (UPH) initiative has emphasized the need to establish networks of multi-decadal hydrological observatories to tackle catchment-scale challenges on a global scale. This opinion paper provocatively discusses two endmembers of possible future hydrological observatory (HO) networks for a given hypothesized community budget: a comprehensive set of moderately instrumented observatories or, alternatively, a small number of highly instrumented supersites.
Ashish Manoj J, Ralf Loritz, Hoshin Gupta, and Erwin Zehe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-375, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-375, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
Traditional hydrological models typically operate in a forward mode, simulating streamflow and other catchment fluxes based on precipitation input. In this study, we explored the possibility of reversing this process—inferring precipitation from streamflow data—to improve flood event modelling. We then used the generated precipitation series to run hydrological models, resulting in more accurate estimates of streamflow and soil moisture.
Marco M. Lehmann, Josie Geris, Ilja van Meerveld, Daniele Penna, Youri Rothfuss, Matteo Verdone, Pertti Ala-Aho, Matyas Arvai, Alise Babre, Philippe Balandier, Fabian Bernhard, Lukrecija Butorac, Simon Damien Carrière, Natalie C. Ceperley, Zuosinan Chen, Alicia Correa, Haoyu Diao, David Dubbert, Maren Dubbert, Fabio Ercoli, Marius G. Floriancic, Teresa E. Gimeno, Damien Gounelle, Frank Hagedorn, Christophe Hissler, Frédéric Huneau, Alberto Iraheta, Tamara Jakovljević, Nerantzis Kazakis, Zoltan Kern, Karl Knaebel, Johannes Kobler, Jiří Kocum, Charlotte Koeber, Gerbrand Koren, Angelika Kübert, Dawid Kupka, Samuel Le Gall, Aleksi Lehtonen, Thomas Leydier, Philippe Malagoli, Francesca Sofia Manca di Villahermosa, Chiara Marchina, Núria Martínez-Carreras, Nicolas Martin-StPaul, Hannu Marttila, Aline Meyer Oliveira, Gaël Monvoisin, Natalie Orlowski, Kadi Palmik-Das, Aurel Persoiu, Andrei Popa, Egor Prikaziuk, Cécile Quantin, Katja T. Rinne-Garmston, Clara Rohde, Martin Sanda, Matthias Saurer, Daniel Schulz, Michael Paul Stockinger, Christine Stumpp, Jean-Stéphane Venisse, Lukas Vlcek, Stylianos Voudouris, Björn Weeser, Mark E. Wilkinson, Giulia Zuecco, and Katrin Meusburger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-409, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-409, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This study describes a unique large-scale isotope dataset to study water dynamics in European forests. Researchers collected data from 40 beech and spruce forest sites in spring and summer 2023, using a standardized method to ensure consistency. The results show that water sources for trees change between seasons and vary by tree species. This large dataset offers valuable information for understanding plant water use, improving ecohydrological models, and mapping water cycles across Europe.
Svenja Hoffmeister, Rafael Bohn Reckziegel, Ben du Toit, Sibylle K. Hassler, Florian Kestel, Rebekka Maier, Jonathan P. Sheppard, and Erwin Zehe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3963–3982, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3963-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3963-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied a tree–crop ecosystem consisting of a blackberry field and an alder windbreak. In the water-scarce region, irrigation provides sufficient water for plant growth. The windbreak lowers the irrigation amount by reducing wind speed and therefore water transport into the atmosphere. These ecosystems could provide sustainable use of water-scarce landscapes, and we studied the complex interactions by observing several aspects (e.g. soil, nutrients, carbon assimilation, water).
Laurent Gourdol, Michael K. Stewart, Uwe Morgenstern, and Laurent Pfister
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3519–3547, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3519-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3519-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Determining water transit times in aquifers is key to a better understanding of groundwater resources and their sustainable management. For our research, we used high-accuracy tritium data from 35 springs draining the Luxembourg Sandstone aquifer. We assessed the mean transit times of groundwater and found that water moves on average more than 10 times more slowly vertically in the vadose zone of the aquifer (~12 m yr-1) than horizontally in its saturated zone (~170 m yr-1).
Samuel Schroers, Ulrike Scherer, and Erwin Zehe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2535–2557, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2535-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2535-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The hydrological cycle shapes our landscape. With an accelerating change of the world's climate and hydrological dynamics, concepts of evolution of natural systems become more important. In this study, we elaborated a thermodynamic framework for runoff and sediment transport and show from model results as well as from measurements during extreme events that the developed concept is useful for understanding the evolution of the system's mass, energy, and entropy fluxes.
Judith Meyer, Malte Neuper, Luca Mathias, Erwin Zehe, and Laurent Pfister
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6163–6183, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6163-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6163-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We identified and analysed the major atmospheric components of rain-intense thunderstorms that can eventually lead to flash floods: high atmospheric moisture, sufficient latent instability, and weak thunderstorm cell motion. Between 1981 and 2020, atmospheric conditions became likelier to support strong thunderstorms. However, the occurrence of extreme rainfall events as well as their rainfall intensity remained mostly unchanged.
Audrey Douinot, Jean François Iffly, Cyrille Tailliez, Claude Meisch, and Laurent Pfister
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5185–5206, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5185-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5185-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of the paper is to highlight the seasonal and singular shift of the transfer time distributions of two catchments (≅10 km2).
Based on 2 years of rainfall and discharge observations, we compare variations in the properties of TTDs with the physiographic characteristics of catchment areas and the eco-hydrological cycle. The paper eventually aims to deduce several factors conducive to particularly rapid and concentrated water transfers, which leads to flash floods.
Ralf Loritz, Maoya Bassiouni, Anke Hildebrandt, Sibylle K. Hassler, and Erwin Zehe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4757–4771, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4757-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4757-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we combine a deep-learning approach that predicts sap flow with a hydrological model to improve soil moisture and transpiration estimates at the catchment scale. Our results highlight that hybrid-model approaches, combining machine learning with physically based models, are a promising way to improve our ability to make hydrological predictions.
Alessandro Montemagno, Christophe Hissler, Victor Bense, Adriaan J. Teuling, Johanna Ziebel, and Laurent Pfister
Biogeosciences, 19, 3111–3129, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3111-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3111-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the biogeochemical processes that dominate the release and retention of elements (nutrients and potentially toxic elements) during litter degradation. Our results show that toxic elements are retained in the litter, while nutrients are released in solution during the first stages of degradation. This seems linked to the capability of trees to distribute the elements between degradation-resistant and non-degradation-resistant compounds of leaves according to their chemical nature.
Samuel Schroers, Olivier Eiff, Axel Kleidon, Ulrike Scherer, Jan Wienhöfer, and Erwin Zehe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3125–3150, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3125-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3125-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In hydrology the formation of landform patterns is of special interest as changing forcings of the natural systems, such as climate or land use, will change these structures. In our study we developed a thermodynamic framework for surface runoff on hillslopes and highlight the differences of energy conversion patterns on two related spatial and temporal scales. The results indicate that surface runoff on hillslopes approaches a maximum power state.
Alexander Sternagel, Ralf Loritz, Brian Berkowitz, and Erwin Zehe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 1615–1629, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1615-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1615-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a (physically based) Lagrangian approach to simulate diffusive mixing processes on the pore scale beyond perfectly mixed conditions. Results show the feasibility of the approach for reproducing measured mixing times and concentrations of isotopes over pore sizes and that typical shapes of breakthrough curves (normally associated with non-uniform transport in heterogeneous soils) may also occur as a result of imperfect subscale mixing in a macroscopically homogeneous soil matrix.
Erwin Zehe, Ralf Loritz, Yaniv Edery, and Brian Berkowitz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5337–5353, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5337-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5337-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses the concepts of entropy and work to quantify and explain the emergence of preferential flow and transport in heterogeneous saturated porous media. We found that the downstream concentration of solutes in preferential pathways implies a downstream declining entropy in the transverse distribution of solute transport pathways. Preferential flow patterns with lower entropies emerged within media of higher heterogeneity – a stronger self-organization despite a higher randomness.
Laurent Gourdol, Rémi Clément, Jérôme Juilleret, Laurent Pfister, and Christophe Hissler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1785–1812, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1785-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1785-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a remarkable tool for characterizing the regolith, but its use over large areas remains cumbersome due to the requirement of small electrode spacing (ES). In this study we document the issues of using oversized ESs and propose a new approach to overcome this limitation. We demonstrate that our protocol significantly improves the accuracy of ERT profiles using large ES and offers a cost-effective means for carrying out large-scale surveys.
Jan Bondy, Jan Wienhöfer, Laurent Pfister, and Erwin Zehe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-174, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-174, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
The Budyko curve is a widely-used and simple framework to predict the mean water balance of river catchments. While many catchments are in close accordance with the Budyko curve, others show more or less significant deviations. Our study aims at better understanding the role of soil storage characteristics in the mean water balance and offsets from the Budyko curve. Soil storage proved to be a very sensitive property and potentially explains significant deviations from the curve.
Alexander Sternagel, Ralf Loritz, Julian Klaus, Brian Berkowitz, and Erwin Zehe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1483–1508, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1483-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1483-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The key innovation of the study is a method to simulate reactive solute transport in the vadose zone within a Lagrangian framework. We extend the LAST-Model with a method to account for non-linear sorption and first-order degradation processes during unsaturated transport of reactive substances in the matrix and macropores. Model evaluations using bromide and pesticide data from irrigation experiments under different flow conditions on various timescales show the feasibility of the method.
Samuel Schroers, Olivier Eiff, Axel Kleidon, Jan Wienhöfer, and Erwin Zehe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-79, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-79, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we ask the basic question why surface runoff forms drainage networks and confluences at all and how structural macro form and micro topography is a result of thermodynamic laws. We find that on a macro level hillslopes should tend from negative exponential towards exponential forms and that on a micro level the formation of rills goes hand in hand with drainage network formation of river basins. We hypothesize that we can learn more about erosion processes if we extend this theory.
Nicolas Björn Rodriguez, Laurent Pfister, Erwin Zehe, and Julian Klaus
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 401–428, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-401-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-401-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Different parts of water have often been used as tracers to determine the age of water in streams. The stable tracers, such as deuterium, are thought to be unable to reveal old water compared to the radioactive tracer called tritium. We used both tracers, measured in precipitation and in a stream in Luxembourg, to show that this is not necessarily true. It is, in fact, advantageous to use the two tracers together, and we recommend systematically using tritium in future studies.
Ralf Loritz, Markus Hrachowitz, Malte Neuper, and Erwin Zehe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 147–167, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-147-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-147-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the role and value of distributed rainfall in the runoff generation of a mesoscale catchment. We compare the performance of different hydrological models at different periods and show that a distributed model driven by distributed rainfall yields improved performances only during certain periods. We then step beyond this finding and develop a spatially adaptive model that is capable of dynamically adjusting its spatial model structure in time.
Conrad Jackisch, Samuel Knoblauch, Theresa Blume, Erwin Zehe, and Sibylle K. Hassler
Biogeosciences, 17, 5787–5808, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5787-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5787-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We developed software to calculate the root water uptake (RWU) of beech tree roots from soil moisture dynamics. We present our approach and compare RWU to measured sap flow in the tree stem. The study relates to two sites that are similar in topography and weather but with contrasting soils. While sap flow is very similar between the two sites, the RWU is different. This suggests that soil characteristics have substantial influence. Our easy-to-implement RWU estimate may help further studies.
Cited articles
Amundson, R., Richter, D. D., Humphreys, G. S., Jobbágy, E. G., and Gaillardet, J.: Coupling between biota and earth materials in the critical zone, Elements, 3, 327–332, 2007. a
Anderson, S. P., Anderson, R. S., and Tucker, G. E.: Landscape scale linkages in critical zone evolution, C. R. Geosci., 344, 586–596, 2012. a
Antonelli, M., Glaser, B., Teuling, A. J., Klaus, J., and Pfister, L.: Saturated areas through the lens: 1. Spatio-temporal variability of surface saturation documented through thermal infrared imagery, Hydrol. Process., 34, 1310–1332, 2020a. a
Antonelli, M., Glaser, B., Teuling, A. J., Klaus, J., and Pfister, L.: Saturated areas through the lens: 2. Spatio-temporal variability of streamflow generation and its relationship with surface saturation, Hydrol. Process., 34, 1333–1349, 2020b. a
Appelo, C. A. J. and Postma, D.: Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, CRC press, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781439833544, 2004. a
Arora, B., Briggs, M. A., Zarnetske, J. P., Stegen, J., Gomez-Velez, J. D., Dwivedi, D., and Steefel, C.: Hot spots and hot moments in the critical zone: identification of and incorporation into reactive transport models, in: Biogeochemistry of the Critical Zone, 9–47, Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95921-0, 2022. a
Brantley, S. L., Goldhaber, M. B., and Ragnarsdottir, K. V.: Crossing disciplines and scales to understand the critical zone, Elements, 3, 307–314, 2007. a
Brantley, S. L., Holleran, M. E., Jin, L., and Bazilevskaya, E.: Probing deep weathering in the Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory, Pennsylvania (USA): the hypothesis of nested chemical reaction fronts in the subsurface, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 38, 1280–1298, 2013. a
Brantley, S. L., McDowell, W. H., Dietrich, W. E., White, T. S., Kumar, P., Anderson, S. P., Chorover, J., Lohse, K. A., Bales, R. C., Richter, D. D., Grant, G., and Gaillardet, J.: Designing a network of critical zone observatories to explore the living skin of the terrestrial Earth, Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 841–860, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-841-2017, 2017. a
Brooks, P. D., Chorover, J., Fan, Y., Godsey, S. E., Maxwell, R. M., McNamara, J. P., and Tague, C.: Hydrological partitioning in the critical zone: Recent advances and opportunities for developing transferable understanding of water cycle dynamics, Water Resour. Res., 51, 6973–6987, 2015. a
DeLaune, R. and Reddy, K.: Redox Potential, Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment, CRC press, 366–371, https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429155833, 2005. a
Fabiani, G., Schoppach, R., Penna, D., and Klaus, J.: Transpiration patterns and water use strategies of beech and oak trees along a hillslope, Ecohydrology, 15, e2382, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2382, 2022. a, b
Fabiani, G., Klaus, J., and Penna, D.: The influence of hillslope topography on beech water use: a comparative study in two different climates, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 2683–2703, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2683-2024, 2024. a
Gourdol, L., Clément, R., Juilleret, J., Pfister, L., and Hissler, C.: Exploring the regolith with electrical resistivity tomography in large-scale surveys: electrode spacing-related issues and possibility, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1785–1812, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1785-2021, 2021. a, b, c
Guo, L. and Lin, H.: Critical zone research and observatories: Current status and future perspectives, Vadose Zone J., 15, 1–14 https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2016.06.0050, 2016. a
Heistermann, M., Bogena, H., Francke, T., Güntner, A., Jakobi, J., Rasche, D., Schrön, M., Döpper, V., Fersch, B., Groh, J., Patil, A., Pütz, T., Reich, M., Zacharias, S., Zengerle, C., and Oswald, S.: Soil moisture observation in a forested headwater catchment: combining a dense cosmic-ray neutron sensor network with roving and hydrogravimetry at the TERENO site Wüstebach, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2501–2519, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2501-2022, 2022. a
Hissler, C., Martínez-Carreras, N., Barnich, F., Gourdol, L., Iffly, J. F., Juilleret, J., Klaus, J., and Pfister, L.: The Weierbach experimental catchment in Luxembourg: A decade of critical zone monitoring in a temperate forest-from hydrological investigations to ecohydrological perspectives, Hydrol. Process., 35, e14140, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14140, 2021. a, b
Hissler, C., van Zweel, N., Gourdol, L., and Leonard, L.: One year of high frequency monitoring of groundwater physico-chemical parameters in the Weierbach Experimental Catchment, Luxembourg, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10869166, 2024. a, b
Jin, L., Siegel, D. I., Lautz, L. K., Mitchell, M. J., Dahms, D. E., and Mayer, B.: Calcite precipitation driven by the common ion effect during groundwater–surface-water mixing: a potentially common process in streams with geologic settings containing gypsum, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 122, 1027–1038, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30011.1, 2010. a
Juilleret, J., Dondeyne, S., Vancampenhout, K., Deckers, J., and Hissler, C.: Mind the gap: a classification system for integrating the subsolum into soil surveys, Geoderma, 264, 332–339, 2016. a
Lazareva, O., Kan, J., Chen, C., and Sparks, D. L.: Coupled dynamics of aqueous biogeochemistry in contrasting floodplain environments: implications for Critical Zone carbon sequestration along redox gradients, Appl. Geochem., 145, 105413, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2022.105413, 2022. a, b
Lee, R. M., Shoshitaishvili, B., Wood, R. L., Bekker, J., and Abbott, B. W.: The meanings of the Critical Zone, Anthropocene, 42, 100377, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2023.100377, 2023. a
Li, L., Bao, C., Sullivan, P. L., Brantley, S., Shi, Y., and Duffy, C.: Understanding watershed hydrogeochemistry: 2. Synchronized hydrological and geochemical processes drive stream chemostatic behavior, Water Resour. Res., 53, 2346–2367, 2017. a
Mansfeldt, T.: In situ long-term redox potential measurements in a dyked marsh soil, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sc., 166, 210–219, 2003. a
Martínez-Carreras, N., Wetzel, C. E., Frentress, J., Ector, L., McDonnell, J. J., Hoffmann, L., and Pfister, L.: Hydrological connectivity inferred from diatom transport through the riparian-stream system, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3133–3151, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3133-2015, 2015. a
McMahon, P. and Chapelle, F.: Redox processes and water quality of selected principal aquifer systems, Groundwater, 46, 259–271, 2008. a
Pfister, L., Bonanno, E., Fabiani, G., Gourdol, L., Hissler, C., Huck, V., Iffly, J. F., Keim, R., Martínez‐Carreras, N., Mestdagh, X., and Montemagno, A.: Fast motion view of a headwater creek – A hydrological year seen through time-lapse photography, Hydrol. Process., 37, e15026, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15026, 2023. a
Riebe, C. S., Hahm, W. J., and Brantley, S. L.: Controls on deep critical zone architecture: a historical review and four testable hypotheses, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 42, 128–156, 2017. a
Scaini, A., Hissler, C., Fenicia, F., Juilleret, J., Iffly, J. F., Pfister, L., and Beven, K.: Hillslope response to sprinkling and natural rainfall using velocity and celerity estimates in a slate-bedrock catchment, J. Hydrol., 558, 366–379, 2018. a
Stewart, B., Shanley, J. B., Kirchner, J. W., Norris, D., Adler, T., Bristol, C., Harpold, A. A., Perdrial, J. N., Rizzo, D. M., Sterle, G., and Underwood, K.L.: Streams as mirrors: Reading subsurface water chemistry from stream chemistry, Water Resour. Res., 58, e2021WR029931, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR029931, 2022. a, b, c, d
Weiler, M. and McDonnell, J. J.: Testing nutrient flushing hypotheses at the hillslope scale: a virtual experiment approach, J. Hydrol., 319, 339–356, 2006. a
Welch, L. and Allen, D.: Hydraulic conductivity characteristics in mountains and implications for conceptualizing bedrock groundwater flow, Hydrogeol. J., 22, 1003, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-014-1121-5, 2014. a
Wrede, S., Fenicia, F., Martínez-Carreras, N., Juilleret, J., Hissler, C., Krein, A., Savenije, H. H., Uhlenbrook, S., Kavetski, D., and Pfister, L.: Towards more systematic perceptual model development: a case study using 3 Luxembourgish catchments, Hydrol. Process., 29, 2731–2750, 2015. a
Wymore, A. S., Yang, W. H., Silver, W. L., McDowell, W. H., and Chorover, J.: Biogeochemistry of the Critical Zone, Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95921-0, 2022. a
Xiao, D., Brantley, S. L., and Li, L.: Vertical connectivity regulates water transit time and chemical weathering at the hillslope scale, Water Resour. Res., 57, e2020WR029207, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR029207, 2021. a
Zhang, Z. and Furman, A.: Soil redox dynamics under dynamic hydrologic regimes-a review, Sci. Total Environ., 763, 143026, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143026, 2021. a
Short summary
Our study monitored groundwater in a Luxembourg forest over a year to understand water and chemical changes. We found seasonal variations in water chemistry, influenced by rainfall and soil interactions. These data help predict environmental responses and manage water resources better. By measuring key parameters like pH and dissolved oxygen, our research provides valuable insights into groundwater behaviour and serves as a resource for future environmental studies.
Our study monitored groundwater in a Luxembourg forest over a year to understand water and...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint