Articles | Volume 16, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-605-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-605-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Country-level estimates of gross and net carbon fluxes from land use, land-use change and forestry
Wolfgang Alexander Obermeier
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
Clemens Schwingshackl
Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
Ana Bastos
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
Giulia Conchedda
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Thomas Gasser
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
Giacomo Grassi
Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Ispra, Italy
Richard A. Houghton
Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, USA
Francesco Nicola Tubiello
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Stephen Sitch
Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Julia Pongratz
Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
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Total article views: 6,069 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
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Total article views: 8,273 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
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Total article views: 6,069 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 5,756 with geography defined
and 313 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 2,204 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 2,118 with geography defined
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Cited
11 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Functionalization of organic amine promoted clay-based solid amine sorbents for efficient and sustainable CO2 capture X. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2025.133658
- Significant Land Cover Transitions and Regional Acceleration at the Continental Scale of Africa over the Last Four Decades H. Ullah et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26082318
- Spatiotemporal Evolution of Territorial Spaces and Its Effect on Carbon Emissions in Qingdao City, China J. He et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101717
- Differences and uncertainties in land-use CO2 flux estimates W. Obermeier et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-025-00730-6
- Anthromes and forest carbon responses to global change J. Hogan et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10609
- To correct carbon fluxes in complex terrains: Integrating slope-dependent CO2 emission rates with gradient-corrected surface area C. Ye et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2026.110115
- Net carbon losses in Central African forests revealed by high-resolution biomass change maps L. Wan et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-77531-y
- Integrating Grain–Carbon Synergy and Ecological Risk Assessment for Sustainable Land Use in Mountainous High-Risk Areas Q. Ren et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15232496
- Annual carbon emissions from land-use change in China from 1000 to 2019 F. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-875-2026
- Spatial-temporal evolution and multi-scenario prediction of carbon emissions from land use in the adjacent areas of nature reserves Y. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113047
- Mapping European land-use driven carbon losses and gains: How scenarios, indicators, and methods shape outcomes A. Sarita Namasivayam et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2026.104509
11 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Functionalization of organic amine promoted clay-based solid amine sorbents for efficient and sustainable CO2 capture X. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2025.133658
- Significant Land Cover Transitions and Regional Acceleration at the Continental Scale of Africa over the Last Four Decades H. Ullah et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26082318
- Spatiotemporal Evolution of Territorial Spaces and Its Effect on Carbon Emissions in Qingdao City, China J. He et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101717
- Differences and uncertainties in land-use CO2 flux estimates W. Obermeier et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-025-00730-6
- Anthromes and forest carbon responses to global change J. Hogan et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10609
- To correct carbon fluxes in complex terrains: Integrating slope-dependent CO2 emission rates with gradient-corrected surface area C. Ye et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2026.110115
- Net carbon losses in Central African forests revealed by high-resolution biomass change maps L. Wan et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-77531-y
- Integrating Grain–Carbon Synergy and Ecological Risk Assessment for Sustainable Land Use in Mountainous High-Risk Areas Q. Ren et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15232496
- Annual carbon emissions from land-use change in China from 1000 to 2019 F. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-875-2026
- Spatial-temporal evolution and multi-scenario prediction of carbon emissions from land use in the adjacent areas of nature reserves Y. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113047
- Mapping European land-use driven carbon losses and gains: How scenarios, indicators, and methods shape outcomes A. Sarita Namasivayam et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2026.104509
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 26 Oct 2026
Short summary
We provide and compare country-level estimates of land-use CO2 fluxes from a variety and large number of models, bottom-up estimates, and country reports for the period 1950–2021. Although net fluxes are small in many countries, they are often composed of large compensating emissions and removals. In many countries, the estimates agree well once their individual characteristics are accounted for, but in other countries, including some of the largest emitters, substantial uncertainties exist.
We provide and compare country-level estimates of land-use CO2 fluxes from a variety and large...
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