Articles | Volume 16, issue 1 
            
                
                    
            
            
            https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-605-2024
                    © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-605-2024
                    © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Country-level estimates of gross and net carbon fluxes from land use, land-use change and forestry
Wolfgang Alexander Obermeier
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
                                            
                                    
                                            Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
                                        
                                    Clemens Schwingshackl
                                            Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
                                        
                                    Ana Bastos
                                            Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
                                        
                                    Giulia Conchedda
                                            Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
                                        
                                    Thomas Gasser
                                            International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
                                        
                                    Giacomo Grassi
                                            Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Ispra, Italy
                                        
                                    Richard A. Houghton
                                            Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, USA
                                        
                                    Francesco Nicola Tubiello
                                            Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
                                        
                                    Stephen Sitch
                                            Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
                                        
                                    Julia Pongratz
                                            Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
                                        
                                    
                                            Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
                                        
                                    Viewed
                        
                            Total article views: 4,455 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
                        
                            
                                
                                
                            
                                
                                
                            
                        
                        
                            Cumulative views and downloads 
                                         (calculated since 14 Aug 2023)
                        
                        
                            
                                
                            
                    
        
                    
                    | HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3,392 | 965 | 98 | 4,455 | 109 | 128 | 
- HTML: 3,392
- PDF: 965
- XML: 98
- Total: 4,455
- BibTeX: 109
- EndNote: 128
                        
                            Total article views: 3,153 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
                        
                            
                                
                                
                            
                                
                                
                            
                        
                        
                            Cumulative views and downloads 
                                         (calculated since 24 Jan 2024)
                        
                        
                            
                                
                            
                    
                    
                    | HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,621 | 472 | 60 | 3,153 | 90 | 110 | 
- HTML: 2,621
- PDF: 472
- XML: 60
- Total: 3,153
- BibTeX: 90
- EndNote: 110
                        
                            Total article views: 1,302 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
                        
                            
                                
                                
                            
                                
                                
                            
                        
                        
                            Cumulative views and downloads 
                                         (calculated since 14 Aug 2023)
                        
                        
                            
                                
                            
                    
        
                
            | HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 771 | 493 | 38 | 1,302 | 19 | 18 | 
- HTML: 771
- PDF: 493
- XML: 38
- Total: 1,302
- BibTeX: 19
- EndNote: 18
Viewed (geographical distribution)
                                Total article views: 4,455 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
                                
                                Thereof 4,233 with geography defined
                                    and 222 with unknown origin. 
                            
        
                            
                                Total article views: 3,153 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
                                
                                Thereof 2,963 with geography defined
                                    and 190 with unknown origin. 
                            
        
                            
                                Total article views: 1,302 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
                                
                                Thereof 1,270 with geography defined
                                    and 32 with unknown origin. 
                            
                    | Country | # | Views | % | 
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % | 
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % | 
|---|
| Total: | 0 | 
| HTML: | 0 | 
| PDF: | 0 | 
| XML: | 0 | 
- 1
1
                            | Total: | 0 | 
| HTML: | 0 | 
| PDF: | 0 | 
| XML: | 0 | 
- 1
1
                            | Total: | 0 | 
| HTML: | 0 | 
| PDF: | 0 | 
| XML: | 0 | 
- 1
1
                            Cited
8 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The Impact of the Industrialized Nation's CO2 Emissions on Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa: Case Studies from South Africa, Nigeria and the DR Congo D. Kohnert 10.2139/ssrn.4730179
- Anthromes and forest carbon responses to global change J. Hogan et al. 10.1002/ppp3.10609
- Functionalization of organic amine promoted clay-based solid amine sorbents for efficient and sustainable CO2 capture X. Li et al. 10.1016/j.seppur.2025.133658
- Auswirkungen der CO2-Emissionen der Industrienationen auf den Klimawandel in Subsahara-Afrika: Fallstudien aus Südafrika, Nigeria und der DR Kongo (The impact of the industrialized nation's CO2 emissions on climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa: Case studies from South Africa, Nigeria and the DR Congo) D. Kohnert 10.2139/ssrn.4736594
- Spatiotemporal Evolution of Territorial Spaces and Its Effect on Carbon Emissions in Qingdao City, China J. He et al. 10.3390/land13101717
- Spatial-temporal evolution and multi-scenario prediction of carbon emissions from land use in the adjacent areas of nature reserves Y. Li et al. 10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113047
- Country-level estimates of gross and net carbon fluxes from land use, land-use change and forestry W. Obermeier et al. 10.5194/essd-16-605-2024
- Universality of ecological memory for local and global net ecosystem exchange, atmospheric CO2, and sea surface temperature A. Elnar & C. Bernido 10.1038/s41598-024-73641-z
6 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The Impact of the Industrialized Nation's CO2 Emissions on Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa: Case Studies from South Africa, Nigeria and the DR Congo D. Kohnert 10.2139/ssrn.4730179
- Anthromes and forest carbon responses to global change J. Hogan et al. 10.1002/ppp3.10609
- Functionalization of organic amine promoted clay-based solid amine sorbents for efficient and sustainable CO2 capture X. Li et al. 10.1016/j.seppur.2025.133658
- Auswirkungen der CO2-Emissionen der Industrienationen auf den Klimawandel in Subsahara-Afrika: Fallstudien aus Südafrika, Nigeria und der DR Kongo (The impact of the industrialized nation's CO2 emissions on climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa: Case studies from South Africa, Nigeria and the DR Congo) D. Kohnert 10.2139/ssrn.4736594
- Spatiotemporal Evolution of Territorial Spaces and Its Effect on Carbon Emissions in Qingdao City, China J. He et al. 10.3390/land13101717
- Spatial-temporal evolution and multi-scenario prediction of carbon emissions from land use in the adjacent areas of nature reserves Y. Li et al. 10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.113047
2 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Country-level estimates of gross and net carbon fluxes from land use, land-use change and forestry W. Obermeier et al. 10.5194/essd-16-605-2024
- Universality of ecological memory for local and global net ecosystem exchange, atmospheric CO2, and sea surface temperature A. Elnar & C. Bernido 10.1038/s41598-024-73641-z
Latest update: 30 Oct 2025
Short summary
                    We provide and compare country-level estimates of land-use CO2 fluxes from a variety and large number of models, bottom-up estimates, and country reports for the period 1950–2021. Although net fluxes are small in many countries, they are often composed of large compensating emissions and removals. In many countries, the estimates agree well once their individual characteristics are accounted for, but in other countries, including some of the largest emitters, substantial uncertainties exist.
                    We provide and compare country-level estimates of land-use CO2 fluxes from a variety and large...
                    
                Altmetrics
                
                Final-revised paper
            
            
                    Preprint
                
                     
                             
                             
                     
                     
                    