Articles | Volume 16, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-525-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-525-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
A global FAOSTAT reference database of cropland nutrient budgets and nutrient use efficiency (1961–2020): nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
Cameron I. Ludemann
Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Nathan Wanner
Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy
Pauline Chivenge
African Plant Nutrition Institute, Benguérir, Morocco
currently at: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Sustainable Impact Department, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Achim Dobermann
International Fertilizer Association, Paris, France
Rasmus Einarsson
Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
Patricio Grassini
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, USA
Armelle Gruere
International Fertilizer Association, Paris, France
Kevin Jackson
Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, Maryland, USA
Luis Lassaletta
Department of Agricultural Production, ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
CEIGRAM, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Federico Maggi
Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
Griffiths Obli-Laryea
Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy
Martin K. van Ittersum
Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Srishti Vishwakarma
Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, Maryland, USA
currently at: Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, Maryland, USA
Xin Zhang
Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, Maryland, USA
Francesco N. Tubiello
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy
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85 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- Fertilizer and soil health for sustained crop production in sub-Saharan Africa: Theory and conceptual framework B. Vanlauwe et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44264-026-00161-w
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- Coupled InVEST-GTWR modeling reveals scale-dependent drivers of N and P export in a Chinese mountainous region Z. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2025.104705
- Biochar Modulates the Dynamics of Legacy Nutrients in Enhancing Soil Health and Crop Productivity M. Kumar et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/land15060896
- Genetic algorithm enhanced deep learning with data augmentation for nitrogen and potassium deficiency detection in eggplant K. Joshi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpb.2025.100546
- Nitrogen loading in freshwater ecosystems: impacts on benthic communities and sediment nutrient dynamics in shallow lakes M. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/20442041.2026.2634017
- Soil Nutrient Flows and Balances in Mixed Farming Systems of Southern Ethiopia T. Geremu et al. https://doi.org/10.1155/aess/3568435
- From Field to Faucet: Phosphorus-Driven Harmful Algal Blooms, Cyanotoxin Exposure, and Clinical Implications for Primary Care Physicians—A Narrative Review D. Sapkota & D. Phuyal https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101619
- Natural variation of OsWRKY23 drives difference in nitrate use efficiency between indica and japonica rice S. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56752-7
- A framework for estimating manure nitrogen balance and recycling potential for current and future conditions in the USA Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-026-01312-5
- Habitat-Adapted Endophytic Fusarium clavum EeR24 from the Arava Desert Induces Resistance Against Fusarium Wilt of Muskmelons V. Meshram et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14040871
- Research Progress and Application Advances of Controlled-Release Nitrogen Fertilizers in Crop Production K. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16040472
- Reconstruction and Drivers of Change in Historical Land Use Intensity in China: A Review and Prospect F. Geng et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/land15050891
- Century-long reconstruction of gridded phosphorus surplus across Europe (1850–2019) M. Batool et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-881-2025
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- Impact of Livelihood Diversification on Rural Households’ Food and Nutrition Security: Evidence from West Shoa Zone of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia F. Haile et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104521
- Yield and nitrogen use efficiency jointly shape the soil microbial community and networks of pitaya orchards in Hainan, China J. Hu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2025.106749
- Integrated crop residue management reduces nitrogen losses by stage-specific restructuring of the soil micro-food web in dryland maize production J. Iqbal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2025.110082
- Pathways linking nutrient use efficiency, surpluses, soil phosphorus status and losses in European agricultural soils W. Halecki et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-026-10481-5
- Triple gains: More production, less nitrogen and greater diversity from cropland reallocation in England and Wales M. Almeida‐Furtado et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.12625
- Enhancing apple productivity on calcareous soils through integrated plant nutrition systems: Synergistic effects of biofertilizers and precision fertilization M. Tadayon et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2026.114737
- ESTIMATING CROP PRODUCTION LOSSES DUE TO SEA LEVEL RISE IN COASTAL AREAS OF ASIA-PACIFIC BY 2100 T. BUI et al. https://doi.org/10.2208/journalofjsce.25-27005
- Can habitat modification in the native range promote invasion? A. Estoup et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2026.06.006
- Stalk sap nitrate test as a potential tool for nitrogen fertilizer recommendations for maize N. Mahal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109330
- Impacts of climate change on food systems in Africa: a systematic review M. Chabwera et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1634744
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- Evaluation of global research on agricultural nitrogen pollution between 1990 and 2023: Challenges for more efficacy and equity J. Serra et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2026.104312
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- Revisiting safe and just planetary boundaries for nitrogen and phosphorus W. de Vries et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2026.101685
- Considering spatial heterogeneity of cultivation conditions can effectively improve the assessment of nitrogen use at the provincial scale in China J. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112603
- Analyzing the phosphorus flow characteristics in China's food system over the past two decades Y. Wang & X. Liu https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2026.147785
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- Recycled Nitrogen for Regenerative Agriculture: A Review of Agronomic and Environmental Impacts of Circular Nutrient Sources M. Ghorbani https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112503
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- Integrating legumes to enhance cereal production: The relative inputs of fertiliser nitrogen and legume biological nitrogen fixation in major wheat and maize producing countries M. Peoples et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-08245-1
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- Coordinating nitrogen‐responsive root and shoot growth for enhanced nitrogen‐use efficiency X. Zheng & Q. Qian https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.70247
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- Fertilizer and soil health for sustained crop production in sub-Saharan Africa: Theory and conceptual framework B. Vanlauwe et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44264-026-00161-w
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- Nitrogen loading in freshwater ecosystems: impacts on benthic communities and sediment nutrient dynamics in shallow lakes M. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/20442041.2026.2634017
- Soil Nutrient Flows and Balances in Mixed Farming Systems of Southern Ethiopia T. Geremu et al. https://doi.org/10.1155/aess/3568435
- From Field to Faucet: Phosphorus-Driven Harmful Algal Blooms, Cyanotoxin Exposure, and Clinical Implications for Primary Care Physicians—A Narrative Review D. Sapkota & D. Phuyal https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101619
- Natural variation of OsWRKY23 drives difference in nitrate use efficiency between indica and japonica rice S. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56752-7
- A framework for estimating manure nitrogen balance and recycling potential for current and future conditions in the USA Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-026-01312-5
- Habitat-Adapted Endophytic Fusarium clavum EeR24 from the Arava Desert Induces Resistance Against Fusarium Wilt of Muskmelons V. Meshram et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14040871
- Research Progress and Application Advances of Controlled-Release Nitrogen Fertilizers in Crop Production K. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16040472
- Reconstruction and Drivers of Change in Historical Land Use Intensity in China: A Review and Prospect F. Geng et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/land15050891
- Century-long reconstruction of gridded phosphorus surplus across Europe (1850–2019) M. Batool et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-881-2025
- Green and sustainable synthesis of antimicrobial silver nanoparticles from cold-pressed bitter almond oil residue O. Sayah et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.109179
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- Yield and nitrogen use efficiency jointly shape the soil microbial community and networks of pitaya orchards in Hainan, China J. Hu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2025.106749
- Integrated crop residue management reduces nitrogen losses by stage-specific restructuring of the soil micro-food web in dryland maize production J. Iqbal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2025.110082
- Pathways linking nutrient use efficiency, surpluses, soil phosphorus status and losses in European agricultural soils W. Halecki et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-026-10481-5
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- Enhancing apple productivity on calcareous soils through integrated plant nutrition systems: Synergistic effects of biofertilizers and precision fertilization M. Tadayon et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2026.114737
- ESTIMATING CROP PRODUCTION LOSSES DUE TO SEA LEVEL RISE IN COASTAL AREAS OF ASIA-PACIFIC BY 2100 T. BUI et al. https://doi.org/10.2208/journalofjsce.25-27005
- Can habitat modification in the native range promote invasion? A. Estoup et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2026.06.006
- Stalk sap nitrate test as a potential tool for nitrogen fertilizer recommendations for maize N. Mahal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109330
- Impacts of climate change on food systems in Africa: a systematic review M. Chabwera et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1634744
- Narrowing the ecological yield gap to sustain crop yields with less inputs M. van Ittersum et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2025.100857
- Evaluation of global research on agricultural nitrogen pollution between 1990 and 2023: Challenges for more efficacy and equity J. Serra et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2026.104312
- The potential for attaining agricultural production targets within nutrient boundaries: A case study for Hainan Island, China P. Dong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2026.104695
- Revisiting safe and just planetary boundaries for nitrogen and phosphorus W. de Vries et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2026.101685
- Considering spatial heterogeneity of cultivation conditions can effectively improve the assessment of nitrogen use at the provincial scale in China J. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112603
- Analyzing the phosphorus flow characteristics in China's food system over the past two decades Y. Wang & X. Liu https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2026.147785
- NPKGRIDS: a global georeferenced dataset of N, P2O5, and K2O fertilizer application rates for 173 crops T. Nguyen et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-04030-4
- Nitrogen benchmarking for cropping systems S. Medinets & M. Sutton https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-025-01201-3
- Reducing Chemical Inputs in Vegetable Cropping Systems through Integrated Pest Management: A Comparative Analysis of Morocco and North Africa D. Boudoudou et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202621501016
- Food Waste Management: A Way Forward for Ensuring Food Security and Sustainability . Sarthi et al. https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.27572832
- Asymmetry of safeguarding regional air and water nitrogen boundaries in China Y. Zou et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwag113
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal families and exploration‐based guilds exhibit distinct responses to long‐term N, P and K deficiencies and imbalances K. Jenab et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70969
- Long-term variations (1970–2020) and spatial patterns of nitrogen and phosphorus soil budgets and fates in Indian agriculture H. Elsayed et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-024-10375-4
- Bayesian optimization with Optuna for enhanced soil nutrient prediction: a comparative study with genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization B. Dada et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.101136
- Recycled Nitrogen for Regenerative Agriculture: A Review of Agronomic and Environmental Impacts of Circular Nutrient Sources M. Ghorbani https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112503
- Global cotton yield trends and the driving factors: insights from a spatiotemporal analysis H. Fan et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2026.2642554
- Black soldier fly frass as a sustainable organic fertilizer: enhancing productivity of leafy vegetables and soil health in Benin C. Santos et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2025.1663593
- Adaptive nitrogen management for maize cultivation under alternate furrow irrigation in calcareous soils A. Ali https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2026.2657808
- Integrating legumes to enhance cereal production: The relative inputs of fertiliser nitrogen and legume biological nitrogen fixation in major wheat and maize producing countries M. Peoples et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-08245-1
- Non-Exchangeable Potassium and Soil Texture Improve Soil-Test Potassium Diagnosis in Maize and Soybean O. Avila et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-026-03201-z
- Coordinating nitrogen‐responsive root and shoot growth for enhanced nitrogen‐use efficiency X. Zheng & Q. Qian https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.70247
- Assessment of natural resource potential of the agroecosystems of Ukraine and the EU countries by phosphorus balance Y. Tarariko et al. https://doi.org/10.15407/agrisp12.01.003
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Short summary
Nutrient budgets help identify the excess or insufficient use of fertilizers and other nutrient sources in agriculture. They allow the calculation of indicators, such as the nutrient balance (surplus or deficit) and nutrient use efficiency, that help to monitor agricultural productivity and sustainability. This article describes a global cropland nutrient budget that provides data on 205 countries and territories from 1961 to 2020 (data available at https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/ESB).
Nutrient budgets help identify the excess or insufficient use of fertilizers and other nutrient...
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