Articles | Volume 16, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3517-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3517-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description article
| 
02 Aug 2024
Data description article |
| 02 Aug 2024
| 02 Aug 2024
IAPv4 ocean temperature and ocean heat content gridded dataset
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
Yuying Pan
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
Zhetao Tan
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
Huayi Zheng
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
Yujing Zhu
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
Wangxu Wei
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
Huifeng Yuan
Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
Guancheng Li
Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, PRC, Guangzhou, 510611, China
Hanlin Ye
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
Viktor Gouretski
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
Yuanlong Li
Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266000, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
Kevin E. Trenberth
National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Tāmaki Makaurau / Auckland, Aotearoa / New Zealand
John Abraham
University of St. Thomas, School of Engineering, 2115 Summit Ave, St Paul, MN 55105, USA
Yuchun Jin
Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266000, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
Franco Reseghetti
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, 40127, Bologna, Italy
Xiaopei Lin
Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
Bin Zhang
Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266000, China
Gengxin Chen
State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
Michael E. Mann
Dept. of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Jiang Zhu
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
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Total article views: 8,784 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
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Cited
41 citations as recorded by crossref.
- DC_OCEAN: an open-source algorithm for identification of duplicates in ocean databases X. Song et al.
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- Reduced Warm Bias in the Surface Southern Ocean by Improved Parameterization of Wind‐Driven Vertical Mixing in an Eddy‐Resolving Coupled Global Climate Model Z. Song et al.
- Decadal sea level change in the South China Sea: salinity as a key contributor Y. Zheng et al.
- Sea level budget in the China Seas over 2005–2023 K. Wang et al.
- Evaluating the E3SMv2-MPAS ocean–sea ice coupled unstructured model in the Arctic: Atlantification processes and systematic biases X. Lv et al.
- 南海区域海平面收支及其对多时间尺度气候模式的响应 鹏. 杨 & 学. 霍
- Global ocean surface heat fluxes derived from the maximum entropy production framework accounting for ocean heat storage and Bowen ratio adjustments Y. Yang et al.
- Subpolar Atlantic meridional heat transports from OSNAP and ocean reanalyses – a comparison S. Winkelbauer et al.
- Global performance evaluation of an unstructured mesh ocean-sea ice coupled model (E3SMv2-MPAS) X. Lv et al.
- Warming structure of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea since 1970 X. Li et al.
- A geospatial skeleton framework for unveiling the 3D structure and dynamics of marine heatwaves from earth observation data J. Yu et al.
- An Arctic Ocean Thermohaline Dataset J. Li et al.
- Spatiotemporal Changes of Ocean Heat Content in the Seas around China X. Liu et al.
- Weather and climate extremes in a changing Arctic X. Zhang et al.
- Explainable physics-guided attention network for long-lead ENSO forecasts S. Wu et al.
- Exceptional heat and basin-scale connections in the Kuroshio–Oyashio region in the early 2020s S. Minobe
- Regional sea level budget and its response to multi-timescale climate modes in the South China Sea P. Yang & H. Fok
- Large direct and indirect impacts of ozone-depleting substances on past Southern Hemisphere atmosphere-ocean trends M. Sigmond & L. Polvani
- 3D-SHI index for quantifying 3D spatial heterogeneity in big Earth data P. Sun et al.
- Rainfall sustains multiyear La Niña F. Tian et al.
- Ocean stratification in a warming climate L. Cheng et al.
- Global and regional drivers for exceptional climate extremes in 2023-2024: beyond the new normal S. Minobe et al.
- Subsurface cooling trend in the Southern Tropical Indian Ocean (1958–2023) linked with global warming and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation K. Ao et al.
- Spatio-Temporal neighbors adaptive learning with two-point differences for ocean subsurface temperature reconstruction from 1960 to 2022 A. Wang & H. Su
- Barystatic sea level change observed by satellite gravimetry: 1993–2022 Y. Nie et al.
- Ocean biogeochemical reconstructions to estimate historical ocean CO2 uptake R. Bernardello et al.
- Atypical warming pattern of strong 2023-24 El Niño boosts global temperatures to new 1.5 °C record N. Jiang et al.
- Strong impact of the rare three-year La Niña event on Antarctic surface climate changes in 2021–2023 S. Wang et al.
- Progress and Prospects of the Earth System Numerical Simulation Facility (EarthLab) H. Zhang et al.
- Representation of the upper ocean stratification changes in different observational datasets G. Li et al.
- Record High Temperatures in the Ocean in 2024 L. Cheng et al.
- Convolutional autoencoder latent-space modeling with climate-index–conditioned recurrent networks for assessing subseasonal potential forecast skill of the Baltic Sea heat content A. Hayatijozani et al.
- A teleconnection pathway linking cross-basin extremes triggered the record-breaking 2024 marine heatwave in the East China Seas Y. Zhou et al.
- Observed large-scale and deep-reaching compound ocean state changes over the past 60 years Z. Tan et al.
- Ocean Heat Content Sets Another Record in 2025 Y. Pan et al.
- NorESM-bcoi-v1: A bias-corrected reanalysis of ocean biogeochemistry at > 40° N, 1980–2020, based on a global ocean model hindcast P. Wallhead et al.
- Long-wavelength steric sea level and heat storage anomaly maps to 2000 m by combining Argo temperature and salinity profiles with satellite altimetry and gravimetry D. Chambers & S. Reinelt
- Interannual variability in the Sulu Sea heat content and the deep-reaching warming trend Y. Jin et al.
- A traceable global warming record and clarity for the 1.5 °C and well-below-2 °C goals G. Kirchengast & M. Pichler
41 citations as recorded by crossref.
- DC_OCEAN: an open-source algorithm for identification of duplicates in ocean databases X. Song et al.
- Ocean heat content in 2024 Y. Pan et al.
- CODC-S: A quality-controlled global ocean salinity profiles dataset Z. Tan et al.
- Reduced Warm Bias in the Surface Southern Ocean by Improved Parameterization of Wind‐Driven Vertical Mixing in an Eddy‐Resolving Coupled Global Climate Model Z. Song et al.
- Decadal sea level change in the South China Sea: salinity as a key contributor Y. Zheng et al.
- Sea level budget in the China Seas over 2005–2023 K. Wang et al.
- Evaluating the E3SMv2-MPAS ocean–sea ice coupled unstructured model in the Arctic: Atlantification processes and systematic biases X. Lv et al.
- 南海区域海平面收支及其对多时间尺度气候模式的响应 鹏. 杨 & 学. 霍
- Global ocean surface heat fluxes derived from the maximum entropy production framework accounting for ocean heat storage and Bowen ratio adjustments Y. Yang et al.
- Subpolar Atlantic meridional heat transports from OSNAP and ocean reanalyses – a comparison S. Winkelbauer et al.
- Global performance evaluation of an unstructured mesh ocean-sea ice coupled model (E3SMv2-MPAS) X. Lv et al.
- Warming structure of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea since 1970 X. Li et al.
- A geospatial skeleton framework for unveiling the 3D structure and dynamics of marine heatwaves from earth observation data J. Yu et al.
- An Arctic Ocean Thermohaline Dataset J. Li et al.
- Spatiotemporal Changes of Ocean Heat Content in the Seas around China X. Liu et al.
- Weather and climate extremes in a changing Arctic X. Zhang et al.
- Explainable physics-guided attention network for long-lead ENSO forecasts S. Wu et al.
- Exceptional heat and basin-scale connections in the Kuroshio–Oyashio region in the early 2020s S. Minobe
- Regional sea level budget and its response to multi-timescale climate modes in the South China Sea P. Yang & H. Fok
- Large direct and indirect impacts of ozone-depleting substances on past Southern Hemisphere atmosphere-ocean trends M. Sigmond & L. Polvani
- 3D-SHI index for quantifying 3D spatial heterogeneity in big Earth data P. Sun et al.
- Rainfall sustains multiyear La Niña F. Tian et al.
- Ocean stratification in a warming climate L. Cheng et al.
- Global and regional drivers for exceptional climate extremes in 2023-2024: beyond the new normal S. Minobe et al.
- Subsurface cooling trend in the Southern Tropical Indian Ocean (1958–2023) linked with global warming and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation K. Ao et al.
- Spatio-Temporal neighbors adaptive learning with two-point differences for ocean subsurface temperature reconstruction from 1960 to 2022 A. Wang & H. Su
- Barystatic sea level change observed by satellite gravimetry: 1993–2022 Y. Nie et al.
- Ocean biogeochemical reconstructions to estimate historical ocean CO2 uptake R. Bernardello et al.
- Atypical warming pattern of strong 2023-24 El Niño boosts global temperatures to new 1.5 °C record N. Jiang et al.
- Strong impact of the rare three-year La Niña event on Antarctic surface climate changes in 2021–2023 S. Wang et al.
- Progress and Prospects of the Earth System Numerical Simulation Facility (EarthLab) H. Zhang et al.
- Representation of the upper ocean stratification changes in different observational datasets G. Li et al.
- Record High Temperatures in the Ocean in 2024 L. Cheng et al.
- Convolutional autoencoder latent-space modeling with climate-index–conditioned recurrent networks for assessing subseasonal potential forecast skill of the Baltic Sea heat content A. Hayatijozani et al.
- A teleconnection pathway linking cross-basin extremes triggered the record-breaking 2024 marine heatwave in the East China Seas Y. Zhou et al.
- Observed large-scale and deep-reaching compound ocean state changes over the past 60 years Z. Tan et al.
- Ocean Heat Content Sets Another Record in 2025 Y. Pan et al.
- NorESM-bcoi-v1: A bias-corrected reanalysis of ocean biogeochemistry at > 40° N, 1980–2020, based on a global ocean model hindcast P. Wallhead et al.
- Long-wavelength steric sea level and heat storage anomaly maps to 2000 m by combining Argo temperature and salinity profiles with satellite altimetry and gravimetry D. Chambers & S. Reinelt
- Interannual variability in the Sulu Sea heat content and the deep-reaching warming trend Y. Jin et al.
- A traceable global warming record and clarity for the 1.5 °C and well-below-2 °C goals G. Kirchengast & M. Pichler
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 08 May 2026
Short summary
Observational gridded products are essential for understanding the ocean, the atmosphere, and climate change; they support policy decisions and socioeconomic developments. This study provides an update of an ocean subsurface temperature and ocean heat content gridded product, named the IAPv4 data product, which is available for the upper 6000 m (119 levels) since 1940 (more reliable after ~1955) for monthly and 1° × 1° temporal and spatial resolutions.
Observational gridded products are essential for understanding the ocean, the atmosphere, and...
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