Articles | Volume 15, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4571-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4571-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description article
| 
17 Oct 2023
Data description article |
| 17 Oct 2023
| 17 Oct 2023
ET-WB: water-balance-based estimations of terrestrial evaporation over global land and major global basins
Jinghua Xiong
State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
Abhishek
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
Hrishikesh A. Chandanpurkar
Centre for Sustainability, Environment, and Climate Change, FLAME University, Pune, India
James S. Famiglietti
Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
Chong Zhang
Beijing Laboratory of Water Resources Security, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
Gionata Ghiggi
Environmental Remote Sensing Laboratory (LTE), EPFL, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
Yun Pan
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Beijing Laboratory of Water Resources Security, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
Bramha Dutt Vishwakarma
Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
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32 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- Fusion of Multi-Source Evapotranspiration Products Via the Bayesian Three-Cornered Hat Method and its Application in Runoff Simulation for Semi-Arid Basins C. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-025-04348-7
- Variability and Trends in Evaporation and Water Balance over Tanzania M. Msellem et al. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2026.143003
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- A multimodal machine learning fused global 0.1° daily evapotranspiration dataset from 1950-2022 Q. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110645
- Global evapotranspiration from high-elevation mountains has decreased significantly at a rate of 3.923 %/a over the last 22 years Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172804
- WATcycle: A software for terrestrial water cycle and budget analysis with case studies on the Amazon and Mississippi Basins R. Anjaneyulu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106656
- Exploring How an Experiential Learning Program Shapes Management Students’ Knowledge and Awareness About Water Conservation R. Fabien et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/10525629261433516
- WITHDRAWN: Runoff variations and governing factors in transboundary basins through multisource data and water budget during 2003-2021 S. Chauhan & . Abhishek https://doi.org/10.1016/j.htopen.2026.100009
- Multidecadal reconstruction of terrestrial water storage changes by combining pre-GRACE satellite observations and climate data C. Hacker et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-1747-2026
- A dataset of land surface characteristics and time-series hydrometeorological data for typical catchments in China (2003–2020) H. MA et al. https://doi.org/10.11922/11-6035.csd.2025.0144.zh
- Identification of driving mechanisms of actual evapotranspiration in the Yiluo River Basin based on structural equation modeling S. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-024-00551-3
- Global estimation of terrestrial evapotranspiration based on the atmospheric water balance approach S. Shang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07536-0
- Detecting time-varying characteristics of the integrated parameter in the generalized complementary principle based on long-term flux data L. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134751
- Assessments of eight ET products based on long-term multi-source water balance elements in 133 catchments across China X. Fu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135928
- Comparing evaporation from water balance framework and multiple models on a global scale J. Xiong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131924
- Response of evapotranspiration to the 2022 unprecedented extreme drought in the Yangtze River Basin Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8480
- Global evaluation of terrestrial evaporation trend from diagnostic products F. Ruan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132979
- Continental evaluation of GPM IMERG V07B precipitation on a sub-daily scale J. Xiong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2025.114690
- A novel approach to increase accuracy in remotely sensed evapotranspiration through basin water balance and flux tower constraints K. Khand et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133824
- Identifying Hydrological Drivers of Surface Water Extent in Endorheic and Exorheic Basins over the Mu Us Sandy Land G. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18081251
- Evapotranspiration Estimation with the Budyko Framework for Canadian Watersheds Z. Yan et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11110191
- A High‐Resolution Climatic Water Balance for Eco‐Hydrological Inference in the Upper Adige Catchment (Italy) S. Tscholl et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.70007
- Multiscale evaluation of three remote sensing-based evapotranspiration models across the humid to arid tropics: a study over India K. Athira et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2025.2541749
- Unprecedented continental drying, shrinking freshwater availability, and increasing land contributions to sea level rise H. Chandanpurkar et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adx0298
- Improving latent heat flux prediction via enhanced cross-variable interaction and temporal dependence learning Q. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135388
- Water budget-based evapotranspiration product captures natural and human-caused variability S. Goswami et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad63bd
- Evaluation of the Effects of Climate Change and Environmental Parameters on Evaporation and Settlement of Unsaturated Soil S. Morteza Mousavi et al. https://doi.org/10.1061/IJGNAI.GMENG-8227
- Global terrestrial evaporation from physically-based, calibration-free complementary relationship Z. Tu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133382
- Efficacy of evapotranspiration products on improving streamflow prediction in ungauged catchments under various hydrological models and climates S. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135857
- Runoff variations and governing factors in transboundary basins through multisource data and water budget during 2003–2021 S. Chauhan & . Abhishek https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2026.062
32 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Estimation and mechanism analysis of global evapotranspiration based on a physics-informed deep-learning model J. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134351
- Quantifying historical trends and future projections of evapotranspiration in arid central Asia using selected CMIP6 and GLEAM Z. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2026.1757853
- Fusion of Multi-Source Evapotranspiration Products Via the Bayesian Three-Cornered Hat Method and its Application in Runoff Simulation for Semi-Arid Basins C. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-025-04348-7
- Variability and Trends in Evaporation and Water Balance over Tanzania M. Msellem et al. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2026.143003
- Moisture Transport and Recycling Shape Wetting and Drying Across China: Implications for Water Sustainability C. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094252
- A multimodal machine learning fused global 0.1° daily evapotranspiration dataset from 1950-2022 Q. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110645
- Global evapotranspiration from high-elevation mountains has decreased significantly at a rate of 3.923 %/a over the last 22 years Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172804
- WATcycle: A software for terrestrial water cycle and budget analysis with case studies on the Amazon and Mississippi Basins R. Anjaneyulu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106656
- Exploring How an Experiential Learning Program Shapes Management Students’ Knowledge and Awareness About Water Conservation R. Fabien et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/10525629261433516
- WITHDRAWN: Runoff variations and governing factors in transboundary basins through multisource data and water budget during 2003-2021 S. Chauhan & . Abhishek https://doi.org/10.1016/j.htopen.2026.100009
- Multidecadal reconstruction of terrestrial water storage changes by combining pre-GRACE satellite observations and climate data C. Hacker et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-1747-2026
- A dataset of land surface characteristics and time-series hydrometeorological data for typical catchments in China (2003–2020) H. MA et al. https://doi.org/10.11922/11-6035.csd.2025.0144.zh
- Identification of driving mechanisms of actual evapotranspiration in the Yiluo River Basin based on structural equation modeling S. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-024-00551-3
- Global estimation of terrestrial evapotranspiration based on the atmospheric water balance approach S. Shang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07536-0
- Detecting time-varying characteristics of the integrated parameter in the generalized complementary principle based on long-term flux data L. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134751
- Assessments of eight ET products based on long-term multi-source water balance elements in 133 catchments across China X. Fu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135928
- Comparing evaporation from water balance framework and multiple models on a global scale J. Xiong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131924
- Response of evapotranspiration to the 2022 unprecedented extreme drought in the Yangtze River Basin Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.8480
- Global evaluation of terrestrial evaporation trend from diagnostic products F. Ruan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132979
- Continental evaluation of GPM IMERG V07B precipitation on a sub-daily scale J. Xiong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2025.114690
- A novel approach to increase accuracy in remotely sensed evapotranspiration through basin water balance and flux tower constraints K. Khand et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133824
- Identifying Hydrological Drivers of Surface Water Extent in Endorheic and Exorheic Basins over the Mu Us Sandy Land G. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18081251
- Evapotranspiration Estimation with the Budyko Framework for Canadian Watersheds Z. Yan et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11110191
- A High‐Resolution Climatic Water Balance for Eco‐Hydrological Inference in the Upper Adige Catchment (Italy) S. Tscholl et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.70007
- Multiscale evaluation of three remote sensing-based evapotranspiration models across the humid to arid tropics: a study over India K. Athira et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2025.2541749
- Unprecedented continental drying, shrinking freshwater availability, and increasing land contributions to sea level rise H. Chandanpurkar et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adx0298
- Improving latent heat flux prediction via enhanced cross-variable interaction and temporal dependence learning Q. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135388
- Water budget-based evapotranspiration product captures natural and human-caused variability S. Goswami et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad63bd
- Evaluation of the Effects of Climate Change and Environmental Parameters on Evaporation and Settlement of Unsaturated Soil S. Morteza Mousavi et al. https://doi.org/10.1061/IJGNAI.GMENG-8227
- Global terrestrial evaporation from physically-based, calibration-free complementary relationship Z. Tu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133382
- Efficacy of evapotranspiration products on improving streamflow prediction in ungauged catchments under various hydrological models and climates S. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135857
- Runoff variations and governing factors in transboundary basins through multisource data and water budget during 2003–2021 S. Chauhan & . Abhishek https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2026.062
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 14 Jul 2026
Short summary
To overcome the shortcomings associated with limited spatiotemporal coverage, input data quality, and model simplifications in prevailing evaporation (ET) estimates, we developed an ensemble of 4669 unique terrestrial ET subsets using an independent mass balance approach. Long-term mean annual ET is within 500–600 mm yr−1 with a unimodal seasonal cycle and several piecewise trends during 2002–2021. The uncertainty-constrained results underpin the notion of increasing ET in a warming climate.
To overcome the shortcomings associated with limited spatiotemporal coverage, input data...
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