Articles | Volume 15, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3203-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3203-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
High-resolution distribution maps of single-season rice in China from 2017 to 2022
Ruoque Shen
International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development
Goals, Beijing 100094, China
School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China
Baihong Pan
Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma,
Norman, OK 73019, USA
Qiongyan Peng
International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development
Goals, Beijing 100094, China
School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China
Jie Dong
College of Geomatics and Municipal Engineering, Zhejiang University
of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
Xuebing Chen
International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development
Goals, Beijing 100094, China
School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China
Xi Zhang
International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development
Goals, Beijing 100094, China
School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China
Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry
of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Jianxi Huang
College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University,
Beijing 100083, China
Wenping Yuan
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development
Goals, Beijing 100094, China
School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong, China
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- Crop multiclass classification for large-scale crop mapping using instance- and feature-domain integrated transfer learning J. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srs.2026.100442
- 30 m-resolution annual crop type maps in Northeast China from 2001 to 2022 Y. Di et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-06516-1
- Mapping County-Level Rice Planting Areas by Joint Use of High-Resolution Optical and Time Series SAR Imagery J. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3560992
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- Identifying spatial and temporal dynamics and driving factors of cultivated land fragmentation in Shaanxi province Y. Zhao & Q. Feng https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2024.103948
- A long-term paddy rice distribution dataset in Asia at a 30 m spatial resolution S. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-05374-1
- GTGRI: a Gaussian time-weighted growth rate index for multi-season paddy rice mapping in diverse climates with dense SAR time series D. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2026.2629148
- A General Model for Large-Scale Paddy Rice Mapping by Combining Biological Characteristics, Deep Learning, and Multisource Remote Sensing Data Z. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3573750
- Generating an annual 30 m rice cover product for monsoon Asia (2018–2023) using harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 data and the NASA-IBM geospatial foundation model H. Fang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2026.115256
- Spatiotemporal variation of growth–stage specific concurrent climate extremes and their impacts on rice yield in southern China R. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1971-2025
- A comprehensive review of rice mapping from satellite data: Algorithms, product characteristics and consistency assessment H. Fang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srs.2024.100172
- Warm and wet spring compensated for the reduction in carbon sinks due to an extreme summer heatwave-drought event in 2022 in southern China Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111060
- Modifying NISAR’s Cropland Area Algorithm to Map Cropland Extent Globally K. Sharp et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17061094
- Fusing Time-Series Harmonic Phenology and Ensemble Learning for Enhanced Paddy Rice Mapping and Driving Mechanisms Analysis in Anhui, China N. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16040459
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- An automated sample generation method by integrating phenology domain optical-SAR features in rice cropping pattern mapping J. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2024.114387
- Study on Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Influencing Factors of High-Resolution Single-Season Rice Y. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14102436
- Lightweight dual-encoder deep learning integrating Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 for paddy field mapping B. Wijaya et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2026.101895
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- A novel and robust method for large-scale single-season rice mapping based on phenology and statistical data M. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2024.05.019
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- A High-Resolution Distribution Dataset of Paddy Rice in India Based on Satellite Data X. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173180
- Combination Manner of Sampling Method and Model Structure: The Key Factor for Rice Mapping Based on Sentinel-1 Images Using Data-Driven Machine Learning P. Wei et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3550109
- A 30 m Multi-Year Dataset of Major Crop Distributions in Xinjiang, China (2013–2024) Based on Harmonized Landsat–Sentinel-2 Data Q. Liang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-026-07082-w
- Remote sensing for crop mapping: A perspective on current and future crop-specific land cover data products C. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2025.114995
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- GloRice, a global rice database (v1.0): I. Gridded paddy rice annual distribution from 1961 to 2021 H. Xie et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04483-1
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77 citations as recorded by crossref.
- EARice10: a 10 m resolution annual rice distribution map of East Asia for 2023 M. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-661-2025
- Mapping rice paddy and cropping intensity by integrating phenology, machine learning, and multi-source satellite images in East and Southeast Asia J. Jin et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2026.2616932
- Research on the Inversion of Key Growth Parameters of Rice Based on Multisource Remote Sensing Data and Deep Learning J. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122326
- Cropland use intensity, stability, and crop transition dynamics in the Songhua River Basin (2000–2024): Implications for sustainable land use and food security L. Gan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2026.104652
- Assessing the recurrent neural network approach for identifying rice fields using C-band synthetic aperture radar data in Indramayu Regency, Indonesia A. Lestari et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-026-01060-z
- High-resolution distribution maps of single-season rice in China from 2017 to 2022 R. Shen et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3203-2023
- Capturing harvest-induced signatures using a novel multi-temporal index for Zanthoxylum armatum mapping P. Xie et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2026.101917
- A novel red-edge vegetable index for paddy rice mapping based on Sentinel-1/2 and GF-6 images Y. Wan et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2024.2398068
- A land–water–energy–greenhouse gas nexus framework informs climate change mitigation in agriculture: A case study in the North China Plain X. Xuan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2025.100354
- Dietary transitions and manure recycling could halve nitrogen pollution from grain crops in China Y. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2026.104686
- Crop multiclass classification for large-scale crop mapping using instance- and feature-domain integrated transfer learning J. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srs.2026.100442
- 30 m-resolution annual crop type maps in Northeast China from 2001 to 2022 Y. Di et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-06516-1
- Mapping County-Level Rice Planting Areas by Joint Use of High-Resolution Optical and Time Series SAR Imagery J. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3560992
- Paddy Rice Mapping in Hainan Island Using Time-Series Sentinel-1 SAR Data and Deep Learning G. Shen & J. Liao https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17061033
- High-resolution mapping of global winter-triticeae crops using a sample-free identification method Y. Fu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-95-2025
- Automatic rice cropping intensity mapping in cloudy and foggy areas leveraging simplified harmonic analysis based on sentinel-1 imagery S. Peng et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2025.2571255
- Identifying spatial and temporal dynamics and driving factors of cultivated land fragmentation in Shaanxi province Y. Zhao & Q. Feng https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2024.103948
- A long-term paddy rice distribution dataset in Asia at a 30 m spatial resolution S. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-05374-1
- GTGRI: a Gaussian time-weighted growth rate index for multi-season paddy rice mapping in diverse climates with dense SAR time series D. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2026.2629148
- A General Model for Large-Scale Paddy Rice Mapping by Combining Biological Characteristics, Deep Learning, and Multisource Remote Sensing Data Z. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3573750
- Generating an annual 30 m rice cover product for monsoon Asia (2018–2023) using harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 data and the NASA-IBM geospatial foundation model H. Fang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2026.115256
- Spatiotemporal variation of growth–stage specific concurrent climate extremes and their impacts on rice yield in southern China R. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-1971-2025
- A comprehensive review of rice mapping from satellite data: Algorithms, product characteristics and consistency assessment H. Fang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srs.2024.100172
- Warm and wet spring compensated for the reduction in carbon sinks due to an extreme summer heatwave-drought event in 2022 in southern China Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111060
- Modifying NISAR’s Cropland Area Algorithm to Map Cropland Extent Globally K. Sharp et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17061094
- Fusing Time-Series Harmonic Phenology and Ensemble Learning for Enhanced Paddy Rice Mapping and Driving Mechanisms Analysis in Anhui, China N. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16040459
- Uncovering the spatiotemporal evolution and driving mechanisms of soybean planting area in China from 2000 to 2022 W. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jia.2025.07.021
- Why methane surged in the atmosphere during the early 2020s P. Ciais et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adx8262
- Novel Harmonic-Based Scheme for Mapping Rice-Crop Intensity at a Large Scale Using Time-Series Sentinel-1 and ERA5-Land Datasets Z. He et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2024.3387559
- Spatiotemporal Mapping and Driving Mechanism of Crop Planting Patterns on the Jianghan Plain Based on Multisource Remote Sensing Fusion and Sample Migration P. Xiao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17142417
- ChinaRiceCalendar – seasonal crop calendars for early-, middle-, and late-season rice in China H. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1689-2024
- Mapping upland crop–rice cropping systems for targeted sustainable intensification in South China B. Qiu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2023.12.010
- An automated sample generation method by integrating phenology domain optical-SAR features in rice cropping pattern mapping J. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2024.114387
- Study on Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Influencing Factors of High-Resolution Single-Season Rice Y. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14102436
- Lightweight dual-encoder deep learning integrating Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 for paddy field mapping B. Wijaya et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2026.101895
- High Grain Yield and High Nitrogen Use Efficiency Can Be Achieved Simultaneously in Single-Season Hybrid Rice W. Zi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-025-02600-y
- The 20 m Africa rice distribution map of 2023 J. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1781-2025
- Cotton lands induced cooling effect on land surface temperature in Xinjiang, China J. Dong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2024.110004
- Mapping Crop Types and Cropping Patterns Using Multiple-Source Satellite Datasets in Subtropical Hilly and Mountainous Region of China Y. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17132282
- Tracking paddy rice acreage, flooding impacts, and mitigations during El Niño flooding events using Sentinel-1/2 imagery and cloud computing R. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2024.08.010
- ChinaSoyArea10m: a dataset of soybean-planting areas with a spatial resolution of 10 m across China from 2017 to 2021 Q. Mei et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3213-2024
- A novel and robust method for large-scale single-season rice mapping based on phenology and statistical data M. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2024.05.019
- Unveiling spatially explicit soil nitrogen mineralization potential in Northeast China: A meta-analysis coupled by experimental validation Y. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117605
- A High-Resolution Distribution Dataset of Paddy Rice in India Based on Satellite Data X. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173180
- Combination Manner of Sampling Method and Model Structure: The Key Factor for Rice Mapping Based on Sentinel-1 Images Using Data-Driven Machine Learning P. Wei et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3550109
- A 30 m Multi-Year Dataset of Major Crop Distributions in Xinjiang, China (2013–2024) Based on Harmonized Landsat–Sentinel-2 Data Q. Liang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-026-07082-w
- Remote sensing for crop mapping: A perspective on current and future crop-specific land cover data products C. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2025.114995
- Turning point of direct N2O emissions in China’s croplands dominated by reduced fertilizer usage since 2015 Z. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2025.109655
- Estimation of rice yield using multi-source remote sensing data combined with crop growth model and deep learning algorithm J. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110600
- Optimizing rice productivity using controlled-release blended fertilizers in the Yangtze River Delta of China S. Gao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2025.09.012
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Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 13 Jun 2026
Short summary
Paddy rice is the second-largest grain crop in China and plays an important role in ensuring global food security. This study developed a new rice-mapping method and produced distribution maps of single-season rice in 21 provincial administrative regions of China from 2017 to 2022 at a 10 or 20 m resolution. The accuracy was examined using 108 195 survey samples and county-level statistical data, and we found that the distribution maps have good accuracy.
Paddy rice is the second-largest grain crop in China and plays an important role in ensuring...
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