Articles | Volume 15, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Collection:
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1675-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
17 Apr 2023
Data description paper |
| 17 Apr 2023
| 17 Apr 2023
Heat stored in the Earth system 1960–2020: where does the energy go?
Karina von Schuckmann
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Mercator Ocean International, Toulouse, France
Audrey Minière
Mercator Ocean International, Toulouse, France
Flora Gues
CELAD, Toulouse, France
Mercator Ocean International, Toulouse, France
Francisco José Cuesta-Valero
Department of Remote Sensing, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental
Research, Leipzig, Germany
Remote Sensing Centre for Earth System Research, Leipzig University,
Leipzig, Germany
Gottfried Kirchengast
Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz,
Graz, Austria
Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
Susheel Adusumilli
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San
Diego, San Diego, California, USA
Fiammetta Straneo
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San
Diego, San Diego, California, USA
Michaël Ablain
Magellium, Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
Richard P. Allan
Department of Meteorology and National Centre for Earth Observation,
University of Reading, Reading, UK
Paul M. Barker
School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Hugo Beltrami
Climate and Atmospheric Sciences Institute and Department of Earth
Sciences, St Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada
Alejandro Blazquez
Laboratory of Space Geophysical and Oceanographic Studies (LEGOS), Université de Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
Tim Boyer
NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring,
Maryland, USA
Lijing Cheng
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao,
266071, China
John Church
Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Damien Desbruyeres
Univ Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), IUEM, 29280, Plouzané, France
Han Dolman
Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands
Catia M. Domingues
National Oceanographic Centre, Southampton, UK
Almudena García-García
Department of Remote Sensing, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental
Research, Leipzig, Germany
Remote Sensing Centre for Earth System Research, Leipzig University,
Leipzig, Germany
Donata Giglio
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
John E. Gilson
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San
Diego, San Diego, California, USA
Maximilian Gorfer
Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz,
Graz, Austria
Leopold Haimberger
Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna,
Vienna, Austria
Maria Z. Hakuba
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, California, USA
Stefan Hendricks
Section Sea Ice Physics, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine
Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Shigeki Hosoda
Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Global Ocean Observation Research Center (GOORC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
Gregory C. Johnson
NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington, USA
Rachel Killick
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK
Brian King
Marine Physics and Ocean Climate, National Oceanographic Centre, Southampton, UK
Nicolas Kolodziejczyk
Univ Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), IUEM, 29280, Plouzané, France
Anton Korosov
Sea Ice Modelling Group, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway
Gerhard Krinner
Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement, CNRS, Université
Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
Mikael Kuusela
Department of Statistics and Data Science, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Felix W. Landerer
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, California, USA
Moritz Langer
Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz
Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam,
Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Thomas Lavergne
Research and Development Department, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
Isobel Lawrence
European Space Agency, ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, RM, Italy
Yuehua Li
School of Earth Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
John Lyman
NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington, USA
Florence Marti
Magellium, Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
Ben Marzeion
Institute of Geography and MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental
Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Michael Mayer
Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna,
Vienna, Austria
Research Department, Earth System Predictability Section, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK
Andrew H. MacDougall
Climate and Environment Program, St Francis Xavier University
Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada
Trevor McDougall
School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Didier Paolo Monselesan
Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
Jan Nitzbon
Permafrost Research Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz
Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
Paleoclimate Dynamics Section, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz
Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Inès Otosaka
Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling, University of Leeds, UK
Jian Peng
Department of Remote Sensing, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental
Research, Leipzig, Germany
Remote Sensing Centre for Earth System Research, Leipzig University,
Leipzig, Germany
Sarah Purkey
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San
Diego, San Diego, California, USA
Recall Faculty, Climate, Atmospheric Sciences, and Physical Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
Dean Roemmich
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San
Diego, San Diego, California, USA
Recall Faculty, Climate, Atmospheric Sciences, and Physical Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
Kanako Sato
Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Global Ocean Observation Research Center (GOORC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
Katsunari Sato
Atmosphere and Ocean Department, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Minato-ku, Japan
Abhishek Savita
Maritime Meteorology, Ocean Circulation and Climate Dynamics, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Axel Schweiger
Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
Andrew Shepherd
Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling, Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Sonia I. Seneviratne
Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich,
8092, Switzerland
Leon Simons
The Club of Rome, The Netherlands Association, 's-Hertogenbosch, the
Netherlands
Donald A. Slater
School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Thomas Slater
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Andrea K. Steiner
Wegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz,
Graz, Austria
Toshio Suga
Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Global Ocean Observation Research Center (GOORC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
Tanguy Szekely
Ocean Scope, Brest, France
Wim Thiery
Department of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
Mary-Louise Timmermans
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New
Haven, Connecticut, USA
Inne Vanderkelen
Department of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
Wyss Academy for Nature, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Susan E. Wjiffels
Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
Tonghua Wu
Cryosphere Research Station on Qinghai–Xizang Plateau, State Key
Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment
and Resources (NIEER), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000,
China
Michael Zemp
Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Discussed (final revised paper)
Discussed (final revised paper)
Latest update: 02 May 2025
Short summary
Earth's climate is out of energy balance, and this study quantifies how much heat has consequently accumulated over the past decades (ocean: 89 %, land: 6 %, cryosphere: 4 %, atmosphere: 1 %). Since 1971, this accumulated heat reached record values at an increasing pace. The Earth heat inventory provides a comprehensive view on the status and expectation of global warming, and we call for an implementation of this global climate indicator into the Paris Agreement’s Global Stocktake.
Earth's climate is out of energy balance, and this study quantifies how much heat has...
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