Articles | Volume 14, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4667-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4667-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
The Surface Water Chemistry (SWatCh) database: a standardized global database of water chemistry to facilitate large-sample hydrological research
Lobke Rotteveel
Sterling Hydrology Research Group, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H
4R2, Canada
Franz Heubach
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax,
B3H 4R2, Canada
Shannon M. Sterling
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Sterling Hydrology Research Group, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H
4R2, Canada
Related authors
No articles found.
Shannon M. Sterling, Sarah MacLeod, Lobke Rotteveel, Kristin Hart, Thomas A. Clair, Edmund A. Halfyard, and Nicole L. O'Brien
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4763–4775, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4763-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4763-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Wild salmon numbers in Nova Scotia, Canada, have been plummeting in recent decades. In 2014, we launched an ionic aluminium monitoring program in Nova Scotia to see if this toxic element was a threat to salmon populations. We found that all 10 monitored rivers had ionic aluminium concentrations that exceeded the threshold for aquatic health. Our results demonstrate that elevated aluminium still threatens aquatic ecosystems and that delays in recovery from acid rain remains a critical issue.
Adriaan J. Teuling, Emile A. G. de Badts, Femke A. Jansen, Richard Fuchs, Joost Buitink, Anne J. Hoek van Dijke, and Shannon M. Sterling
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3631–3652, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3631-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3631-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Over the past decades, changes in land use and climate over Europe have impacted the average flow of water flowing through rivers and reservoirs (the so-called
water yield). We quantify these changes using a simple but widely tested modelling approach constrained by observations of lysimeters across Europe. Results show that the contribution of land use to changes in water yield are of the same order as changes in climate, showing that impacts of land use changes cannot be neglected.
Ronny Meier, Edouard L. Davin, Quentin Lejeune, Mathias Hauser, Yan Li, Brecht Martens, Natalie M. Schultz, Shannon Sterling, and Wim Thiery
Biogeosciences, 15, 4731–4757, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4731-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4731-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Deforestation not only releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere but also affects local climatic conditions by altering energy fluxes at the land surface and thereby the local temperature. Here, we evaluate the local impact of deforestation in a widely used land surface model. We find that the model reproduces the daytime warming effect of deforestation well. On the other hand, the warmer temperatures observed during night in forests are not present in this model.
S. M. Ambrose and S. M. Sterling
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-12103-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-12103-2014, 2014
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
S. M. Sterling, C. Angelidis, M. Armstrong, K. M. Biagi, T. A. Clair, N. Jackson, and A. Breen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-10117-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-10117-2014, 2014
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
Related subject area
Domain: ESSD – Land | Subject: Hydrology
Northern Hemisphere in situ snow water equivalent dataset (NorSWE, 1979–2021)
OLIGOTREND, a global database of multi-decadal chlorophyll a and water quality time series for rivers, lakes, and estuaries
A 3 h, 1 km surface soil moisture dataset for the contiguous United States from 2015 to 2023
Comprehensive inventory of large hydropower systems in the Italian Alpine Region
An integrated high-resolution bathymetric model for the Danube Delta system
LakeBeD-US: a benchmark dataset for lake water quality time series and vertical profiles
Benchmark dataset for hydraulic simulations of flash floods in the French Mediterranean region
Transformation rate maps of dissolved organic carbon in the contiguous US
A 1985–2023 time series dataset of absolute reservoir storage in Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA-Res)
Machine-learning-based reconstruction of long-term global terrestrial water storage anomalies from observed, satellite and land-surface model data
Mapping the world's inland surface waters: an upgrade to the Global Lakes and Wetlands Database (GLWD v2)
One year of high-frequency monitoring of groundwater physico-chemical parameters in the Weierbach experimental catchment, Luxembourg
Discrete global grid system-based flow routing datasets in the Amazon and Yukon basins
GRILSS: opening the gateway to global reservoir sedimentation data curation
An operational SMOS soil freeze-thaw product
A worldwide event-based debris flow barrier dam dataset from 1800 to 2023
CAMELS-DK: hydrometeorological time series and landscape attributes for 3330 Danish catchments with streamflow observations from 304 gauged stations
An in situ daily dataset for benchmarking temporal variability of groundwater recharge
CAMELS-FR dataset: a large-sample hydroclimatic dataset for France to explore hydrological diversity and support model benchmarking
Development of HYPER-P: HYdroclimatic PERformance-enhanced Precipitation at 1 km/daily over the Europe-Mediterranean region from 2007 to 2022
Features of Italian large dams and their upstream catchments
Gridded rainfall erosivity (2014–2022) in mainland China using 1 min precipitation data from densely distributed weather stations
High-resolution hydrometeorological and snow data for the Dischma catchment in Switzerland
CAMELS-IND: hydrometeorological time series and catchment attributes for 228 catchments in Peninsular India
HERA: a high-resolution pan-European hydrological reanalysis (1951–2020)
BCUB – a large-sample ungauged basin attribute dataset for British Columbia, Canada
A 1 km soil moisture data over eastern CONUS generated through assimilating SMAP data into the Noah-MP land surface model
A seamless global daily 5 km soil moisture product from 1982 to 2021 using AVHRR satellite data and an attention-based deep learning model
ESA CCI Soil Moisture GAPFILLED: An independent global gap-free satellite climate data record with uncertainty estimates
Lena River biogeochemistry captured by a 4.5-year high-frequency sampling program
CAMELS-DE: hydro-meteorological time series and attributes for 1582 catchments in Germany
Observational partitioning of water and CO2 fluxes at National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) sites: a 5-year dataset of soil and plant components for spatial and temporal analysis
A benchmark dataset for global evapotranspiration estimation based on FLUXNET2015 from 2000 to 2022
GRDC-Caravan: extending Caravan with data from the Global Runoff Data Centre
CIrrMap250: annual maps of China's irrigated cropland from 2000 to 2020 developed through multisource data integration
HANZE v2.1: an improved database of flood impacts in Europe from 1870 to 2020
A Copernicus-based evapotranspiration dataset at 100 m spatial resolution over four Mediterranean basins
Gridded dataset of nitrogen and phosphorus point sources from wastewater in Germany (1950–2019)
A globally sampled high-resolution hand-labeled validation dataset for evaluating surface water extent maps
Satellite-based near-real-time global daily terrestrial evapotranspiration estimates
Multivariate characterisation of a blackberry–alder agroforestry system in South Africa: hydrological, pedological, dendrological and meteorological measurements
CAMELS-AUS v2: updated hydrometeorological timeseries and landscape attributes for an enlarged set of catchments in Australia
SHIFT: a spatial-heterogeneity improvement in DEM-based mapping of global geomorphic floodplains
First comprehensive stable isotope dataset of diverse water units in a permafrost-dominated catchment on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
LamaH-Ice: LArge-SaMple DAta for Hydrology and Environmental Sciences for Iceland
High-resolution mapping of monthly industrial water withdrawal in China from 1965 to 2020
Evapotranspiration evaluation using three different protocols on a large green roof in the greater Paris area
Simbi: historical hydro-meteorological time series and signatures for 24 catchments in Haiti
CAMELE: Collocation-Analyzed Multi-source Ensembled Land Evapotranspiration Data
A hydrogeomorphic dataset for characterizing catchment hydrological behavior across the Tibetan Plateau
Colleen Mortimer and Vincent Vionnet
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3619–3640, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3619-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3619-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In situ observations of snow water equivalent (SWE) are critical for climate applications and resource management. NorSWE is a dataset of in situ SWE observations covering North America, Norway, Finland, Switzerland, Russia, and Nepal over the period 1979–2021. It includes more than 11.5 million observations from more than 10 000 different locations compiled from nine different sources. Snow depth and derived bulk snow density are included when available.
Camille Minaudo, Andras Abonyi, Carles Alcaraz, Jacob Diamond, Nicholas J. K. Howden, Michael Rode, Estela Romero, Vincent Thieu, Fred Worrall, Qian Zhang, and Xavier Benito
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3411–3430, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3411-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3411-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Many waterbodies undergo nutrient decline, called oligotrophication, globally, but a comprehensive dataset to understand ecosystem responses is lacking. The OLIGOTREND database comprises multi-decadal chlorophyll a and nutrient time series from rivers, lakes, and estuaries with 4.3 million observations from 1894 unique measurement locations. The database provides empirical evidence for oligotrophication responses with a spatial and temporal coverage that exceeds previous efforts.
Haoxuan Yang, Jia Yang, Tyson E. Ochsner, Erik S. Krueger, Mengyuan Xu, and Chris B. Zou
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3391–3409, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3391-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3391-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a 3 h, 1 km surface soil moisture dataset for the contiguous United States from 2015 to 2023 using the spatio-temporal fusion method. This dataset effectively combines the distinct advantages of two long-term surface soil moisture datasets, which is also the first hourly-level 1 km soil moisture dataset at the continental US scale. The new dataset could provide new insight into the fast changes in soil moisture along with drought and wet spell occurrences.
Andrea Galletti, Soroush Zarghami Dastjerdi, and Bruno Majone
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3353–3373, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3353-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3353-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
IAR-HP (Italian Alpine Region HydroPower) is a detailed inventory of large hydropower systems in Italy's Alpine Region, aimed at improving their inclusion in hydrological modeling by providing relevant information with a consistent level of detail. It includes structural, geographic, and operational data for over 300 hydropower plants and their related reservoirs and water intakes. Validated through modeling, IAR-HP accurately reproduces observed hydropower, capturing 96.2 % of actual production.
Lauranne Alaerts, Jonathan Lambrechts, Ny Riana Randresihaja, Luc Vandenbulcke, Olivier Gourgue, Emmanuel Hanert, and Marilaure Grégoire
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3125–3140, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3125-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3125-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We created the first comprehensive, high-resolution, and easily accessible bathymetry dataset for the three main branches of the Danube Delta. By combining four data sources, we obtained a detailed representation of the riverbed, with resolutions ranging from 2 to 100 m. This dataset will support future studies on water and nutrient exchanges between the Danube and the Black Sea and provide insights into the delta's buffer role within the understudied Danube–Black Sea continuum.
Bennett J. McAfee, Aanish Pradhan, Abhilash Neog, Sepideh Fatemi, Robert T. Hensley, Mary E. Lofton, Anuj Karpatne, Cayelan C. Carey, and Paul C. Hanson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3141–3165, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3141-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3141-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
LakeBeD-US is a dataset of lake water quality data collected by multiple long-term monitoring programs around the United States. This dataset is designed to foster collaboration between lake scientists and computer scientists to improve predictions of water quality. By offering a way for computer models to be tested against real-world lake data, LakeBeD-US offers opportunities for both sciences to grow and to give new insights into the causes of water quality changes.
Juliette Godet, Pierre Nicolle, Nabil Hocini, Eric Gaume, Philippe Davy, Frederic Pons, Pierre Javelle, Pierre-André Garambois, Dimitri Lague, and Olivier Payrastre
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2963–2983, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2963-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2963-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes a dataset that includes input, output, and validation data for the simulation of flash flood hazards and three specific flash flood events in the French Mediterranean region. This dataset is particularly valuable as flood mapping methods often lack sufficient benchmark data. Additionally, we demonstrate how the hydraulic method we used, named Floodos, produces highly satisfactory results.
Lingbo Li, Hong-Yi Li, Guta Abeshu, Jinyun Tang, L. Ruby Leung, Chang Liao, Zeli Tan, Hanqin Tian, Peter Thornton, and Xiaojuan Yang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2713–2733, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2713-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2713-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed new maps that reveal how organic carbon from soil leaches into headwater streams over the contiguous United States. We use advanced artificial intelligence techniques and a massive amount of data, including observations at over 2500 gauges and a wealth of climate and environmental information. The maps are a critical step in understanding and predicting how carbon moves through our environment, hence making them a useful tool for tackling climate challenges.
Shanti Shwarup Mahto, Simone Fatichi, and Stefano Galelli
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2693–2712, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2693-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2693-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The MSEA-Res database offers an open-access dataset tracking absolute water storage for 186 large reservoirs across Mainland Southeast Asia from 1985 to 2023. It provides valuable insights into how reservoir storage grew by 130 % between 2008 and 2017, driven by dams in key river basins. Our data also reveal how droughts, like the 2019–2020 event, significantly impacted water reservoirs. This resource can aid water management, drought planning, and research globally.
Nehar Mandal, Prabal Das, and Kironmala Chanda
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2575–2604, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2575-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2575-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Optimal features among hydroclimatic variables and land surface model (LSM) outputs are selected using a novel Bayesian network (BN) approach for simulating terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSAs). TWSAs are reconstructed (BNML_TWSA) with grid-specific leader models (among four machine learning models) from January 1960 to December 2022 to generate a continuous global gridded dataset. The uncertainty in the reconstructed BNML_TWSA product is also assessed in terms of standard error.
Bernhard Lehner, Mira Anand, Etienne Fluet-Chouinard, Florence Tan, Filipe Aires, George H. Allen, Philippe Bousquet, Josep G. Canadell, Nick Davidson, Meng Ding, C. Max Finlayson, Thomas Gumbricht, Lammert Hilarides, Gustaf Hugelius, Robert B. Jackson, Maartje C. Korver, Liangyun Liu, Peter B. McIntyre, Szabolcs Nagy, David Olefeldt, Tamlin M. Pavelsky, Jean-Francois Pekel, Benjamin Poulter, Catherine Prigent, Jida Wang, Thomas A. Worthington, Dai Yamazaki, Xiao Zhang, and Michele Thieme
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2277–2329, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2277-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2277-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Lakes and Wetlands Database (GLWD) version 2 distinguishes a total of 33 non-overlapping wetland classes, providing a static map of the world’s inland surface waters. It contains cell fractions of wetland extents per class at a grid cell resolution of ~500 m. The total combined extent of all classes including all inland and coastal waterbodies and wetlands of all inundation frequencies – that is, the maximum extent – covers 18.2 × 106 km2, equivalent to 13.4 % of total global land area.
Karl Nicolaus van Zweel, Laurent Gourdol, Jean François Iffly, Loïc Léonard, François Barnich, Laurent Pfister, Erwin Zehe, and Christophe Hissler
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2217–2229, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2217-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2217-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study monitored groundwater in a Luxembourg forest over a year to understand water and chemical changes. We found seasonal variations in water chemistry, influenced by rainfall and soil interactions. These data help predict environmental responses and manage water resources better. By measuring key parameters like pH and dissolved oxygen, our research provides valuable insights into groundwater behaviour and serves as a resource for future environmental studies.
Chang Liao, Darren Engwirda, Matthew G. Cooper, Mingke Li, and Yilin Fang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2035–2062, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2035-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2035-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Discrete global grid systems, or DGGS, are digital frameworks that help us organize information about our planet. Although scientists have used DGGS in areas like weather and nature, using them in the water cycle has been challenging because some core datasets are missing. We created a way to generate these datasets. We then developed the datasets in the Amazon and Yukon basins, which play important roles in our planet's climate. These datasets may help us improve our water cycle models.
Sanchit Minocha and Faisal Hossain
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1743–1759, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1743-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1743-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Trustworthy and independently verifiable information on declining storage capacity or sedimentation rates worldwide is sparse and suffers from inconsistent metadata and curation to allow global-scale archiving and analyses. The Global Reservoir Inventory of Lost Storage by Sedimentation (GRILSS) dataset addresses this challenge by providing organized, well-curated, and open-source data on sedimentation rates and capacity loss for 1013 reservoirs in 75 major river basins across 54 countries.
Kimmo Rautiainen, Manu Holmberg, Juval Cohen, Arnaud Mialon, Mike Schwank, Juha Lemmetyinen, Antonio de la Fuente, and Yann Kerr
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-68, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-68, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The SMOS Soil Freeze Thaw State product uses satellite data to monitor seasonal soil freezing and thawing globally, with a focus on high latitude regions. This is important for understanding greenhouse gas emissions, as frozen soil is associated with methane release. The product provides accurate data on key events such as the first day of soil freezing in autumn, helping scientists to study climate change, ecosystem dynamics and its impact on our planet.
Haiguang Cheng, Kaiheng Hu, Shuang Liu, Xiaopeng Zhang, Hao Li, Qiyuan Zhang, Lan Ning, Manish Raj Gouli, Pu Li, Anna Yang, Peng Zhao, Junyu Liu, and Li Wei
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1573–1593, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1573-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1573-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
After reviewing 2519 literature and media reports, we compiled the first comprehensive global dataset of 555 debris flow barrier dams (DFBDs) from 1800 to 2023. Our dataset meticulously documents 38 attributes of DFBDs, and we have utilized Google Earth for validation. Additionally, we discussed the applicability of landslide dam stability and peak-discharge models to DFBDs. This dataset offers a rich foundation of data for future studies on DFBDs.
Jun Liu, Julian Koch, Simon Stisen, Lars Troldborg, Anker Lajer Højberg, Hans Thodsen, Mark F. T. Hansen, and Raphael J. M. Schneider
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1551–1572, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1551-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1551-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a CAMELS-style dataset in Denmark, which contains hydrometeorological time series and landscape attributes for 3330 catchments (304 gauged). Many catchments in CAMELS-DK are small and at low elevations. The dataset provides information on groundwater characteristics and dynamics, as well as quantities related to the human impact on the hydrological system in Denmark. The dataset is especially relevant for developing data-driven and hybrid physically informed modeling frameworks.
Pragnaditya Malakar, Aatish Anshuman, Mukesh Kumar, Georgios Boumis, T. Prabhakar Clement, Arik Tashie, Hitesh Thakur, Nagaraj Bhat, and Lokendra Rathore
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1515–1528, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1515-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1515-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater dynamics depend on groundwater recharge, but daily benchmark data of recharge are scarce. Here we present a daily groundwater recharge per unit specified yield (RpSy) data at 485 US groundwater monitoring wells. RpSy can be used to validate the temporal consistency of recharge products from land surface and hydrologic models and facilitate assessment of recharge-driver functional relationships in them.
Olivier Delaigue, Guilherme Mendoza Guimarães, Pierre Brigode, Benoît Génot, Charles Perrin, Jean-Michel Soubeyroux, Bruno Janet, Nans Addor, and Vazken Andréassian
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1461–1479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1461-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1461-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This dataset covers 654 rivers all flowing in France. The provided time series and catchment attributes will be of interest to those modelers wishing to analyze hydrological behavior and perform model assessments.
Paolo Filippucci, Luca Brocca, Luca Ciabatta, Hamidreza Mosaffa, Francesco Avanzi, and Christian Massari
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-156, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-156, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate rainfall data is essential, yet measuring daily precipitation worldwide is challenging. This research presents HYdroclimatic PERformance-enhanced Precipitation (HYPER-P), a dataset combining satellite, ground, and reanalysis data to estimate precipitation at a 1 km scale from 2000 to 2023. HYPER-P improves accuracy, especially in areas with few rain gauges. This dataset supports scientists and decision-makers in understanding and managing water resources more effectively.
Giulia Evangelista, Paola Mazzoglio, Daniele Ganora, Francesca Pianigiani, and Pierluigi Claps
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1407–1426, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1407-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1407-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the first comprehensive dataset of 528 large dams in Italy. It contains structural characteristics of the dams, such as coordinates, reservoir surface areas and volumes, together with a range of geomorphological, climatological, extreme rainfall, land cover and soil-related attributes of their upstream catchments.
Yueli Chen, Yun Xie, Xingwu Duan, and Minghu Ding
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1265–1274, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1265-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1265-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Rainfall erosivity maps are crucial for identifying key areas of water erosion. Due to the limited historical precipitation data, there are certain biases in rainfall erosivity estimates in China. This study develops a new rainfall erosivity map for mainland China using 1 min precipitation data from 60 129 weather stations, revealing that areas exceeding 4000 MJ mm ha−1 h−1yr−1 of annual rainfall erosivity are mainly concentrated in southern China and on the southern Tibetan Plateau.
Jan Magnusson, Yves Bühler, Louis Quéno, Bertrand Cluzet, Giulia Mazzotti, Clare Webster, Rebecca Mott, and Tobias Jonas
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 703–717, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-703-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-703-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we present a dataset for the Dischma catchment in eastern Switzerland, which represents a typical high-alpine watershed in the European Alps. Accurate monitoring and reliable forecasting of snow and water resources in such basins are crucial for a wide range of applications. Our dataset is valuable for improving physics-based snow, land surface, and hydrological models, with potential applications in similar high-alpine catchments.
Nikunj K. Mangukiya, Kanneganti Bhargav Kumar, Pankaj Dey, Shailza Sharma, Vijaykumar Bejagam, Pradeep P. Mujumdar, and Ashutosh Sharma
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 461–491, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-461-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-461-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce CAMELS-IND (Catchment Attributes and MEteorology for Large-sample Studies – India), which provides daily hydrometeorological time series and static catchment attributes representing the location, topography, climate, hydrological signatures, land use, land cover, soil, geology, and anthropogenic influences for 472 catchments in Peninsular India to foster large-sample hydrological studies in India and promote the inclusion of Indian catchments in global hydrological research.
Aloïs Tilloy, Dominik Paprotny, Stefania Grimaldi, Goncalo Gomes, Alessandra Bianchi, Stefan Lange, Hylke Beck, Cinzia Mazzetti, and Luc Feyen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 293–316, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-293-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-293-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This article presents a reanalysis of Europe's river streamflow for the period 1951–2020. Streamflow is estimated through a state-of-the-art hydrological simulation framework benefitting from detailed information about the landscape, climate, and human activities. The resulting Hydrological European ReAnalysis (HERA) can be a valuable tool for studying hydrological dynamics, including the impacts of climate change and human activities on European water resources and flood and drought risks.
Daniel Kovacek and Steven Weijs
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 259–275, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-259-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-259-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We made a dataset for British Columbia describing the terrain, soil, land cover, and climate of over 1 million watersheds. The attributes are often used in hydrology because they are related to the water cycle. The data are meant to be used for water resources problems that can benefit from lots of watersheds and their attributes. The data and instructions needed to build the dataset from scratch are freely available. The permanent home for the data is https://doi.org/10.5683/SP3/JNKZVT.
Sheng-Lun Tai, Zhao Yang, Brian Gaudet, Koichi Sakaguchi, Larry Berg, Colleen Kaul, Yun Qian, Ye Liu, and Jerome Fast
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-599, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-599, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Our study created a high-resolution soil moisture dataset for the eastern U.S. by integrating satellite data with a land surface model and advanced algorithms, achieving 1-km scale analyses. Validated against multiple networks and datasets, it demonstrated superior accuracy. This dataset is vital for understanding soil moisture dynamics, especially during droughts, and highlights the need for improved modeling of clay soils to refine future predictions.
Yufang Zhang, Shunlin Liang, Han Ma, Tao He, Feng Tian, Guodong Zhang, and Jianglei Xu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-553, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-553, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture (SM) plays a vital role in climate, agriculture, and hydrology, yet reliable long-term seamless global datasets remain scarce. To fill this gap, we developed a four-decade seamless global daily 5 km SM product using multi-source datasets and deep learning techniques. This product has long-term coverage, spatial and temporal integrity, and high accuracy, making it a valuable tool for applications like SM trend analysis, drought monitoring, and assessing vegetation responses.
Wolfgang Preimesberger, Pietro Stradiotti, and Wouter Dorigo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-610, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-610, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce the official ESA CCI Soil Moisture GAPFILLED climate data record. A univariate interpolation algorithm is applied to predict missing data points without relying on ancillary variables. The dataset includes gap-free uncertainty estimates for all predictions and was validated with independent in situ reference measurements. The data are recommended for applications, which require global long-term gap-free satellite soil moisture data.
Bennet Juhls, Anne Morgenstern, Jens Hölemann, Antje Eulenburg, Birgit Heim, Frederieke Miesner, Hendrik Grotheer, Gesine Mollenhauer, Hanno Meyer, Ephraim Erkens, Felica Yara Gehde, Sofia Antonova, Sergey Chalov, Maria Tereshina, Oxana Erina, Evgeniya Fingert, Ekaterina Abramova, Tina Sanders, Liudmila Lebedeva, Nikolai Torgovkin, Georgii Maksimov, Vasily Povazhnyi, Rafael Gonçalves-Araujo, Urban Wünsch, Antonina Chetverova, Sophie Opfergelt, and Pier Paul Overduin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Siberian Arctic is warming fast: permafrost is thawing, river chemistry is changing, and coastal ecosystems are affected. We aimed to understand changes in the Lena River, a major Arctic river flowing to the Arctic Ocean, by collecting 4.5 years of detailed water data, including temperature and carbon and nutrient contents. This dataset records current conditions and helps us to detect future changes. Explore it at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.913197 and https://lena-monitoring.awi.de/.
Ralf Loritz, Alexander Dolich, Eduardo Acuña Espinoza, Pia Ebeling, Björn Guse, Jonas Götte, Sibylle K. Hassler, Corina Hauffe, Ingo Heidbüchel, Jens Kiesel, Mirko Mälicke, Hannes Müller-Thomy, Michael Stölzle, and Larisa Tarasova
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5625–5642, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5625-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5625-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The CAMELS-DE dataset features data from 1582 streamflow gauges across Germany, with records spanning from 1951 to 2020. This comprehensive dataset, which includes time series of up to 70 years (median 46 years), enables advanced research on water flow and environmental trends and supports the development of hydrological models.
Einara Zahn and Elie Bou-Zeid
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5603–5624, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5603-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Quantifying water and CO2 exchanges through transpiration, evaporation, net photosynthesis, and soil respiration is essential for understanding how ecosystems function. We implemented five methods to estimate these fluxes over a 5-year period across 47 sites. This is the first dataset representing such large spatial and temporal coverage of soil and plant exchanges, and it has many potential applications, such as examining the response of ecosystems to weather extremes and climate change.
Wangyipu Li, Zhaoyuan Yao, Yifan Qu, Hanbo Yang, Yang Song, Lisheng Song, Lifeng Wu, and Yaokui Cui
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-460, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-460, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Due to shortcomings such as extensive data gaps and limited observation durations in current ground-based latent heat flux (LE) datasets, we developed a novel gap-filling and prolongation framework for ground-based LE observations, establishing a benchmark dataset for global evapotranspiration (ET) estimation from 2000 to 2022 across 64 sites at various time scales. This comprehensive dataset can strongly support ET modelling, water-carbon cycle monitoring, and long-term climate change analysis.
Claudia Färber, Henning Plessow, Simon Mischel, Frederik Kratzert, Nans Addor, Guy Shalev, and Ulrich Looser
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-427, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-427, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Large-sample datasets are essential in hydrological science to support modelling studies and advance process understanding. Caravan is a community initiative to create a large-sample hydrology dataset of meteorological forcing data, catchment attributes, and discharge data for catchments around the world. This dataset is a subset of hydrological discharge data and station-based watersheds from the Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC), which are covered by an open data policy.
Ling Zhang, Yanhua Xie, Xiufang Zhu, Qimin Ma, and Luca Brocca
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5207–5226, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5207-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5207-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presented new annual maps of irrigated cropland in China from 2000 to 2020 (CIrrMap250). These maps were developed by integrating remote sensing data, irrigation statistics and surveys, and an irrigation suitability map. CIrrMap250 achieved high accuracy and outperformed currently available products. The new irrigation maps revealed a clear expansion of China’s irrigation area, with the majority (61%) occurring in the water-unsustainable regions facing severe to extreme water stress.
Dominik Paprotny, Paweł Terefenko, and Jakub Śledziowski
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5145–5170, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5145-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5145-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge about past natural disasters can help adaptation to their future occurrences. Here, we present a dataset of 2521 riverine, pluvial, coastal, and compound floods that have occurred in 42 European countries between 1870 and 2020. The dataset contains available information on the inundated area, fatalities, persons affected, or economic loss and was obtained by extensive data collection from more than 800 sources ranging from news reports through government databases to scientific papers.
Paulina Bartkowiak, Bartolomeo Ventura, Alexander Jacob, and Mariapina Castelli
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4709–4734, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4709-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4709-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the Two-Source Energy Balance evapotranspiration (ET) product driven by Copernicus Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-3 imagery together with ERA5 climate reanalysis data. Daily ET maps are available at 100 m spatial resolution for the period 2017–2021 across four Mediterranean basins: Ebro (Spain), Hérault (France), Medjerda (Tunisia), and Po (Italy). The product is highly beneficial for supporting vegetation monitoring and sustainable water management at the river basin scale.
Fanny J. Sarrazin, Sabine Attinger, and Rohini Kumar
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4673–4708, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4673-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4673-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contamination of water bodies is a long-term issue due to the long history of N and P inputs to the environment and their persistence. Here, we introduce a long-term and high-resolution dataset of N and P inputs from wastewater (point sources) for Germany, combining data from different sources and conceptual understanding. We also account for uncertainties in modelling choices, thus facilitating robust long-term and large-scale water quality studies.
Rohit Mukherjee, Frederick Policelli, Ruixue Wang, Elise Arellano-Thompson, Beth Tellman, Prashanti Sharma, Zhijie Zhang, and Jonathan Giezendanner
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4311–4323, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4311-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4311-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Global water resource monitoring is crucial due to climate change and population growth. This study presents a hand-labeled dataset of 100 PlanetScope images for surface water detection, spanning diverse biomes. We use this dataset to evaluate two state-of-the-art mapping methods. Results highlight performance variations across biomes, emphasizing the need for diverse, independent validation datasets to enhance the accuracy and reliability of satellite-based surface water monitoring techniques.
Lei Huang, Yong Luo, Jing M. Chen, Qiuhong Tang, Tammo Steenhuis, Wei Cheng, and Wen Shi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3993–4019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3993-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3993-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Timely global terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) data are crucial for water resource management and drought forecasting. This study introduces the VISEA algorithm, which integrates satellite data and shortwave radiation to provide daily 0.05° gridded near-real-time ET estimates. By employing a vegetation index–temperature method, this algorithm can estimate ET without requiring additional data. Evaluation results demonstrate VISEA's comparable accuracy with accelerated data availability.
Sibylle Kathrin Hassler, Rafael Bohn Reckziegel, Ben du Toit, Svenja Hoffmeister, Florian Kestel, Anton Kunneke, Rebekka Maier, and Jonathan Paul Sheppard
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3935–3948, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3935-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3935-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Agroforestry systems (AFSs) combine trees and crops within the same land unit, providing a sustainable land use option which protects natural resources and biodiversity. Introducing trees into agricultural systems can positively affect water resources, soil characteristics, biomass and microclimate. We studied an AFS in South Africa in a multidisciplinary approach to assess the different influences and present the resulting dataset consisting of water, soil, tree and meteorological variables.
Keirnan J. A. Fowler, Ziqi Zhang, and Xue Hou
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-263, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-263, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents Version 2 of the Australian edition of the Catchment Attributes and Meteorology for Large-sample Studies (CAMELS) series of datasets. CAMELS-AUS v2 comprises data for an increased number (561) of catchments, each with with long-term monitoring, combining hydrometeorological time series with attributes related to geology, soil, topography, land cover, anthropogenic influence and hydroclimatology. It is freely downloadable from https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.12575680.
Kaihao Zheng, Peirong Lin, and Ziyun Yin
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3873–3891, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3873-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3873-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a globally applicable thresholding scheme for DEM-based floodplain delineation to improve the representation of spatial heterogeneity. It involves a stepwise approach to estimate the basin-level floodplain hydraulic geometry parameters that best respect the scaling law while approximating the global hydrodynamic flood maps. A ~90 m resolution global floodplain map, the Spatial Heterogeneity Improved Floodplain by Terrain analysis (SHIFT), is delineated with demonstrated superiority.
Yuzhong Yang, Qingbai Wu, Xiaoyan Guo, Lu Zhou, Helin Yao, Dandan Zhang, Zhongqiong Zhang, Ji Chen, and Guojun Liu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3755–3770, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3755-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3755-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present the temporal data of stable isotopes in different waterbodies in the Beiluhe Basin in the hinterland of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) produced between 2017 and 2022. In this article, the first detailed stable isotope data of 359 ground ice samples are presented. This first data set provides a new basis for understanding the hydrological effects of permafrost degradation on the QTP.
Hordur Bragi Helgason and Bart Nijssen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2741–2771, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2741-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2741-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
LamaH-Ice is a large-sample hydrology (LSH) dataset for Iceland. The dataset includes daily and hourly hydro-meteorological time series, including observed streamflow and basin characteristics, for 107 basins. LamaH-Ice offers most variables that are included in existing LSH datasets and additional information relevant to cold-region hydrology such as annual time series of glacier extent and mass balance. A large majority of the basins in LamaH-Ice are unaffected by human activities.
Chengcheng Hou, Yan Li, Shan Sang, Xu Zhao, Yanxu Liu, Yinglu Liu, and Fang Zhao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2449–2464, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2449-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2449-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To fill the gap in the gridded industrial water withdrawal (IWW) data in China, we developed the China Industrial Water Withdrawal (CIWW) dataset, which provides monthly IWWs from 1965 to 2020 at a spatial resolution of 0.1°/0.25° and auxiliary data including subsectoral IWW and industrial output value in 2008. This dataset can help understand the human water use dynamics and support studies in hydrology, geography, sustainability sciences, and water resource management and allocation in China.
Pierre-Antoine Versini, Leydy Alejandra Castellanos-Diaz, David Ramier, and Ioulia Tchiguirinskaia
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2351–2366, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2351-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2351-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nature-based solutions (NBSs), such as green roofs, have appeared as relevant solutions to mitigate urban heat islands. The evapotranspiration (ET) process allows NBSs to cool the air. To improve our knowledge about ET assessment, this paper presents some experimental measurement campaigns carried out during three consecutive summers. Data are available for three different (large, small, and point-based) spatial scales.
Ralph Bathelemy, Pierre Brigode, Vazken Andréassian, Charles Perrin, Vincent Moron, Cédric Gaucherel, Emmanuel Tric, and Dominique Boisson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2073–2098, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2073-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2073-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this work is to provide the first hydroclimatic database for Haiti, a Caribbean country particularly vulnerable to meteorological and hydrological hazards. The resulting database, named Simbi, provides hydroclimatic time series for around 150 stations and 24 catchment areas.
Changming Li, Ziwei Liu, Wencong Yang, Zhuoyi Tu, Juntai Han, Sien Li, and Hanbo Yang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1811–1846, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1811-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1811-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using a collocation-based approach, we developed a reliable global land evapotranspiration product (CAMELE) by merging multi-source datasets. The CAMELE product outperformed individual input datasets and showed satisfactory performance compared to reference data. It also demonstrated superiority for different plant functional types. Our study provides a promising solution for data fusion. The CAMELE dataset allows for detailed research and a better understanding of land–atmosphere interactions.
Yuhan Guo, Hongxing Zheng, Yuting Yang, Yanfang Sang, and Congcong Wen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1651–1665, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1651-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1651-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have provided an inaugural version of the hydrogeomorphic dataset for catchments over the Tibetan Plateau. We first provide the width-function-based instantaneous unit hydrograph (WFIUH) for each HydroBASINS catchment, which can be used to investigate the spatial heterogeneity of hydrological behavior across the Tibetan Plateau. It is expected to facilitate hydrological modeling across the Tibetan Plateau.
Cited articles
Aherne, J., Posch, M., Forsius, M., Vuorenmaa, J., Tamminen, P., Holmberg,
M., and Johansson, M.: Modelling the hydro-geochemistry of acid-sensitive
catchments in Finland under atmospheric deposition and biomass harvesting
scenarios, Biogeochemistry, 88, 233–256, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-008-9206-7, 2008.
Alsheikh-Ali, A. A., Qureshi, W., Al-Mallah, M. H., and Ioannidis, J. P. A.:
Public Availability of Published Research Data in High-Impact Journals, PLOS
One, 6, e24357, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024357,
2011.
Bajjali, W.: ArcGIS for environmental and water issues, Springer
International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61158-7, 2018.
Berger, T., Mathurin, F. A., Gustafsson, J. P., Peltola, P., and
Åström, M. E.: The impact of fluoride on Al abundance and speciation
in boreal streams, Chem. Geol., 409, 118–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.05.013, 2015.
Björnerås, C., Weyhenmeyer, G. A., Evans, C. D., Gessner, M. O.,
Grossart, H.-P., Kangur, K., Kokorite, I., Kortelainen, P., Laudon, H.,
Lehtoranta, J., Lottig, N., Monteith, D. T., Nõges, P., Nõges, T.,
Oulehle, F., Riise, G., Rusak, J. A., Räike, A., Sire, J., Sterling, S.
M., and Kritzberg, E. S.: Widespread increases in iron concentration in
European and North American freshwaters, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 31,
1488–1500, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GB005749, 2017.
Burek, P., Satoh, Y., Fischer, G., Kahil, M. T., Scherzer, A., Tramberend,
S., Nava, L. F., Wada, Y., Eisner, S., Flörke, M., Hanasaki, N.,
Magnuszewski, P., Cosgrove, B., and Wiberg, D.: Water futures and solution –
fast track initiative (final report), International Institute for Applied
Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, 2016.
Burns, D. A., Riva-Murray, K., Bode, R. W., and Passy, S.: Changes in stream
chemistry and biology in response to reduced levels of acid deposition
during 1987–2003 in the Neversink River Basin, Catskill Mountains,
Ecol. Ind., 8, 191–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.01.003, 2008.
Clair, T. A.: Acid rain effects to Atlantic Canada: where we stand and the
long road to recovery, Presentation to Mersey Tobiatic Research Institute,
Kempt, Nova Scotia, Canada, 2012.
Clair, T. A., Dennis, I. F., and Vet, R.: Water chemistry and dissolved
organic carbon trends in lakes from Canada's Atlantic Provinces: no recovery
from acidification measured after 25 years of lake monitoring, Can. J. Fish.
Aquat. Sci., 68, 663–674, https://doi.org/10.1139/f2011-013,
2011.
Collignon, C., Boudot, J.-P., and Turpault, M.-P.: Time change of aluminium
toxicity in the acid bulk soil and the rhizosphere in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and
beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stands, Plant Soil, 357, 259–274, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1154-2, 2012.
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada: COSEWIC assessment
and status report on the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, Committee on the
Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 2011.
DataStream Initiative: WQX Comparison, GitHub [data set], https://github.com/datastreamapp/schema/blob/main/docs/WQX.md, last access: 25 February 2022.
DeHayes, D. H., Schaberg, P. G., Hawley, G. J., and Strimbeck, G. R.: Acid
rain impacts on calcium nutrition and forest health: alteration of
membrane-associated calcium leads to membrane destabilization and foliar
injury in red spruce, Bioscience, 49, 789–800, 1999.
Dennis, I. F. and Clair, T. A.: The distribution of dissolved aluminum in
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) rivers of Atlantic Canada and its potential effect on
aquatic populations, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 69, 1174–1183, https://doi.org/10.1139/f2012-053, 2012.
de Wit, H. A., Eldhuset, T. D., and Mulder, J.: Dissolved Al reduces Mg
uptake in Norway spruce forest: results from a long-term field manipulation
experiment in Norway, Forest Ecol. Manag., 259, 2072–2082, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.02.018, 2010.
Döll, P. and Zhang, J.: Impact of climate change on freshwater ecosystems: a global-scale analysis of ecologically relevant river flow alterations, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 783–799, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-783-2010, 2010.
Driscoll, C. T., Driscoll, K. M., Fakhraei, H., and Civerolo, K.: Long-term
temporal trends and spatial patterns in the acid-base chemistry of lakes in
the Adirondack region of New York in response to decreases in acidic
deposition, Atmos. Environ., 146, 5–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.08.034, 2016.
Environment and Climate Change Canada: National Long-term Water Quality Monitoring Data, http://data.ec.gc.ca/data/substances/monitor/national-long-term-water-quality-monitoring-data/, last access: 19 March 2022, 2019.
European Environment Agency – European Environment Information and Observation Network (Eionet): Waterbase - Water Quality ICM, https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/waterbase-water-quality-icm-1 (last access: 5 April 2022), 2019.
Feller, M. C.: Forest harvesting and streamwater inorganic chemistry in
western North America: a review, J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 41, 786–811,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2005.tb03771.x, 2005.
Galloway, J. N., Norton, S. A., and Church, M. R.: Freshwater acidification
from atmospheric deposition of sulfuric acid: A conceptual model, Environ. Sci. Technol., 17,
541–545, 1983.
Gensemer, R. W. and Playle, R. C.: The bioavailability and toxicity of
aluminum in aquatic environments, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., 29,
315–450, https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389991259245, 1999.
Goldewijk, K. K., Beusen, A., van Drecht, G., and de Vos, M.: The HYDE 3.1
spatially explicit database of human-induced global land-use change over the
past 12,000 years, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 20, 73–86, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x, 2011.
Google: Search Engine Optimization (SEO) starter guide – search
console help: https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/7451184?hl=en
(last access: 7 July 2020), 2002.
Gooseff, M. N. and Lyons, W.: Dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
concentrations in glacial meltwater streams, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
(1990–2020, ongoing), Environmental Data Initiative [data set],
https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/878eccb6e5c8e492f933381b8c257 d79, 2022a.
Gooseff, M. N. and Lyons, W.: Ion concentrations in glacial meltwater
streams, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (1993–2020, ongoing), Environmental
Data Initiative [data set], https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/275ee580f3c93f077dd7ddcce1f2e cdd, 2022b.
Gooseff, M. N. and Lyons, W.: Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in
glacial meltwater streams, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (1993–2020,
ongoing), Environmental Data Initiative [data set], https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/f6131f5ef67901bc98027e9df55ec 364, last access: 4 April 2022c.
Harriman, R., Anderson, H., and Miller, J. D.: The role of sea-salts in
enhancing and mitigating surface water acidity, Water Air Soil Pollut., 85,
553–558, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00476887, 1995.
Harrison, J. A., Seitzinger, S. P., Bouwman, A. F., Caraco, N. F., Beusen,
A. H. W., and Vörösmarty, C. J.: Dissolved inorganic phosphorus
export to the coastal zone: Results from a spatially explicit global model, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002357, 2005a.
Harrison, J. A., Caraco, N., and Seitzinger, S. P.: Global patterns and
sources of dissolved organic matter export to the coastal zone: Results from
a spatially explicit, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002480, 2005b.
Hartmann, J., Lauerwald, R., and Moosdorf, N.: A brief overview of the
GLObal RIver Chemistry Database, GloRiCh, Proced. Earth Plan. Sci., 10,
23–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2014.08.005, 2014.
Hartmann, J., Lauerwald, R., and Moosdorf, N.: GloRiCh – Global river
chemistry database, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.902360, 2019.
Holland, E. A., Braswell, B. H., Sulzman, J., and Lamarque, J.-F.: Nitrogen
deposition onto the United States and Western Europe: synthesis of
observations and models, Ecol. Appl., 15, 38–57, https://doi.org/10.1890/03-5162, 2005.
Howden, N. J. K., Burt, T. P., Worrall, F., and Whelan, M. J.: Monitoring
fluvial water chemistry for trend detection: hydrological variability masks
trends in datasets covering fewer than 12 years, J. Environ. Monit., 13,
514, https://doi.org/10.1039/c0em00722f, 2011.
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2: ISO/IEC 10646:2017 Information technology – Universal
Coded Character Set (UCS), International Organization for Standardization,
Geneva, Switzerland, 2017.
ISO/TC 147 SC2: ISO 15586:2003 Water quality – determination of trace
elements using atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace,
International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2003.
Kopáček, J., Ulrich, K.-U., Hejzlar, J., Borovec, J., and Stuchlík, E.: Natural inactivation of phosphorus by aluminum in atmospherically
acidified water bodies, Water Res., 35, 3783–3790, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00112-9, 2001.
Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B., and Rubel, F.: World map of
the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated, Meteorol. Z., 15,
259–263, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130, 2006.
Letterman, R. D. and Driscoll, C. T.: Survey of residual aluminum in
filtered water, J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 80, 154–158, 1988.
Leys, C., Ley, C., Klein, O., Bernard, P., and Licata, L.: Detecting
outliers: Do not use standard deviation around the mean, use absolute
deviation around the median, J. Exp. Soc. Psych., 49,
764–766, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.03.013, 2013.
Li, R., Cui, L., Zhao, Y., Meng, Y., Kong, W., and Fu, H.: Estimating
monthly wet sulfur (S) deposition flux over China using an ensemble model of
improved machine learning and geostatistical approach, Atmos. Environ., 214,
116884, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.116884, 2019.
Linke, S., Lehner, B., Ouellet Dallaire, C., Ariwi, J., Grill, G., Anand,
M., Beames, P., Burchard-Levine, V., Maxwell, S., Moidu, H., Tan, F., and
Thieme, M.: Global hydro-environmental sub-basin and river reach
characteristics at high spatial resolution, Sci. Data, 6, 283, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0300-6, 2019.
Lyons, W.: Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in Streams, Environmental Data
Initiative [data set], https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/4d64208bd91fc6a336c9c388436b1 634, 2015a.
Lyons, W.: Stream Nutrients for Reactivated Channel, Environmental
Data Initiative [data set], https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/b3d212996e5e4cb7f91b82090b4 f550d, 2015b.
Lyons, W. and McKnight, D. M.: Stream Chemistry for Reactivated Channel.
Environmental Data Initiative [data set], https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/ed143e49e82d0aaa1494447ebcee 17c1, 2015.
Mekonnen, M. M. and Hoekstra, A. Y.: Four billion people facing severe water
scarcity, Sci. Adv., 2, e1500323, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500323, 2016.
Meybeck, M.: Global occurrence of major elements in rivers, in: Surface and
ground water, weathering, and soils, vol. 5, Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford,
207–223, 2004.
Monteith, D. T., Stoddard, J. L., Evans, C. D., de Wit, H. A., Forsius, M.,
Høgåsen, T., Wilander, A., Skjelkvåle, B. L., Jeffries, D. S.,
Vuorenmaa, J., Keller, B., Kopácek, J., and Vesely, J.: Dissolved
organic carbon trends resulting from changes in atmospheric deposition
chemistry, Nature, 450, 537–540, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06316, 2007.
Namieśnik, J. and Rabajczyk, A.: The speciation of aluminum in
environmental samples, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 40, 68–88, https://doi.org/10.1080/10408340903153234, 2010.
National Water Quality Monitoring Council: Water Quality Portal, https://www.waterqualitydata.us, last access: 7 September 2019.
Priscu, J.: Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations in
discrete water column samples collected from lakes in the McMurdo Dry
Valleys, Antarctica (1993–2017, ongoing). Environmental Data Initiative [data set], https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/e68682ea6614259b4f091be206a77 3b8, 2018.
Priscu, J.: Hydrogen ion concentrations (pH) in discrete water column
samples collected from lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
(1993–2018, ongoing), Environmental Data Initiative [data set],
https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/a0c17e313c63f6b5e5e5e071e5ba6 b4a, 2019.
Priscu, J.: Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in discrete water column samples collected from lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (1993–2022, ongoing), Environmental Data Initiative [data set], https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/a5d82d5d2167679c8ecff0d8ad06c 0ee, 2022a.
Priscu, J.: Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in discrete water column samples collected from lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (1993–2020, ongoing), Environmental Data Initiative [data set], https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/5cba7e25aa687c1e989c72c3ee0a0 f69, 2022b.
Priscu, J., Welch, K. A., and Lyons, W.: Ion concentrations in discrete water column samples collected from lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (1991–2019, ongoing), Environmental Data Initiative [data set], https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/31f7354d1a05679eb3ce7c384c6e2 b22, 2022.
Rotteveel, L. and Heubach, F.: The Surface Water Chemistry (SWatCh) database, Zenodo
[data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6484939, 2021.
Rotteveel, L. and Heubach, F.: The Surface Water Chemistry Database (SWatCh), GitHub [code], https://github.com/LobkeRotteveel/SWatCh, last access: 24 April 2022.
Rotteveel, L. and Sterling, S. M.: Five aluminum seasonality regimes
identified in chronically acidified rivers of Nova Scotia, Environ. Sci.
Technol., 54, 807–817, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b04872, 2020.
Rousseeuw, P. J. and Hubert, M.: Robust statistics for outlier detection:
Robust statistics for outlier detection, WIREs Data Mining Knowl. Discov., 1,
73–79, https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.2, 2011.
Ščančar, J. and Milačič, R.: Aluminium speciation in
environmental samples: a review, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 386, 999–1012,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0422-5, 2006.
Serwadda, D., Ndebele, P., Grabowski, M. K., Bajunirwe, F., and Wanyenze, R.
K.: Open data sharing and the Global South – Who benefits?, Science, 359,
642–643, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap8395, 2018.
Shaw, R. W.: Acid precipitation in Atlantic Canada, Environ. Sci. Technol.,
13, 406–411, https://doi.org/10.1021/es60152a006, 1979.
Stoddard, J. L., Jeffries, D. S., Lükewille, A., Clair, T. A., Dillon,
P. J., Driscoll, C. T., Forsius, M., Johannessen, M., Kahl, J. S., Kellogg,
J. H., Kemp, A., Mannio, J., Monteith, D. T., Murdoch, P. S., Patrick, S.,
Rebsdorf, A., Skjelkvåle, B. L., Stainton, M. P., Traaen, T., van Dam,
H., Webster, K. E., Wieting, J., and Wilander, A.: Regional trends in
aquatic recovery from acidification in North America and Europe, Nature,
401, 575–578, https://doi.org/10.1038/44114, 1999.
Thu, H. N. and Wehn, U.: Data sharing in international transboundary
contexts: the Vietnamese perspective on data sharing in the Lower Mekong
Basin, J. Hydrol., 536, 351–364, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.035, 2016.
United Nations: http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml, last access: 5 June 2020, 2009.
United Nations Environment Programme: GEMStat database of the Global Environment Monitoring System for freshwater (GEMS/Water) Programme. International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change, Koblenz, GEMS/Water Data Centre, http://gemstat.org (last access: 24 March 2022), 2017.
US EPA: EPA method 200.7 Determination of metals and trace elements in water
and wastes by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry,
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-8155-1398-8.50010-0, 2015.
US EPA: Water Quality Exchange, United States Government, https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-11/documents/wqx_factsheet.pdf (last access: 27 February 2022), 2021.
USGS: World Geologic Maps [data set], https://certmapper.cr.usgs.gov/data/apps/world-maps/, last access: 4 April 2022.
Weyhenmeyer, G. A., Hartmann, J., Hessen, D. O., Kopáček, J.,
Hejzlar, J., Jacquet, S., Hamilton, S. K., Verburg, P., Leach, T. H.,
Schmid, M., Flaim, G., Nõges, T., Nõges, P., Wentzky, V. C., Rogora,
M., Rusak, J. A., Kosten, S., Paterson, A. M., Teubner, K., Higgins, S. N.,
Lawrence, G. B., Kangur, K., Kokorite, I., Cerasino, L., Funk, C., Harvey,
R., Moatar, F., de Wit, H. A., and Zechmeister, T.: Widespread diminishing
anthropogenic effects on calcium in freshwaters, Sci. Rep.-UK, 9, 10450,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46838-w, 2019.
World Health Organization: Aluminium in drinking-water: Background document
for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, WHO Press,
Geneva, Switzerland, 2010.
World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund: Progress on
Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines,
Geneva, Switzerland, 2017.
Short summary
Data are needed to detect environmental problems, find their solutions, and identify knowledge gaps. Existing datasets have limited availability, sample size and/or frequency, or geographic scope. Here, we begin to address these limitations by collecting, cleaning, standardizing, and compiling the Surface Water Chemistry (SWatCh) database. SWatCh contains global surface water chemistry data for seven continents, 24 variables, 33 722 sites, and > 5 million samples collected between 1960 and 2022.
Data are needed to detect environmental problems, find their solutions, and identify knowledge...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint