Articles | Volume 4, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-4-47-2012
© Author(s) 2012. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-4-47-2012
© Author(s) 2012. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Database of diazotrophs in global ocean: abundance, biomass and nitrogen fixation rates
Y.-W. Luo
Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
S. C. Doney
Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
L. A. Anderson
Department of Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
M. Benavides
Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
I. Berman-Frank
The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
A. Bode
Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, 15080 A Coruña, Spain
S. Bonnet
IRD-INSU-CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Biogéochimique, UMR 6535, Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille, Aix Marseille Université, France
K. H. Boström
Department of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden
D. Böttjer
School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
D. G. Capone
Department of Biological Sciences and Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
E. J. Carpenter
Romberg Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, California 94920, USA
Y. L. Chen
Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
M. J. Church
School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
J. E. Dore
Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
L. I. Falcón
Laboratorio de Ecología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
A. Fernández
Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
R. A. Foster
Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
K. Furuya
Department of Aquatic Bioscience, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
F. Gómez
Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universidad de Valencia, P.O. Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain
K. Gundersen
Department of Marine Science, University of Southern Mississippi, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi 39529, USA
A. M. Hynes
MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
currently at: Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
D. M. Karl
School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
S. Kitajima
Department of Aquatic Bioscience, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
R. J. Langlois
Leibniz Institute for Marine Sciences, Duesternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
J. LaRoche
Leibniz Institute for Marine Sciences, Duesternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
R. M. Letelier
College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
E. Marañón
Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
D. J. McGillicuddy Jr.
Department of Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
P. H. Moisander
Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
currently at: Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, USA
C. M. Moore
University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
B. Mouriño-Carballido
Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
M. R. Mulholland
Department of Ocean, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
J. A. Needoba
Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
K. M. Orcutt
Department of Marine Science, University of Southern Mississippi, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi 39529, USA
A. J. Poulton
National Oceanography Centre, Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
E. Rahav
The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
P. Raimbault
IRD-INSU-CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Biogéochimique, UMR 6535, Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille, Aix Marseille Université, France
A. P. Rees
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
L. Riemann
Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark
T. Shiozaki
Department of Aquatic Bioscience, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
A. Subramaniam
Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York 10964, USA
T. Tyrrell
University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
K. A. Turk-Kubo
Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
M. Varela
Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, 15080 A Coruña, Spain
T. A. Villareal
Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas 78382, USA
E. A. Webb
Department of Biological Sciences and Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
A. E. White
College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
J. Wu
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
J. P. Zehr
Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
Cited articles
Arin, L., Berdalet, E., Marrasé, C., Estrada, M., Guixa-Boixereu, N., and Dolan, J.: Particulate DNA and protein relative to microorganism biomass and detritus in the Catalano-Balearic Sea (NW Mediterranean) during stratification, J. Plankton Res., 21, 1299–1316, 1999.
Bailiff, M. D. and Karl, D. M.: Dissolved and Particulate DNA Dynamics during a Spring Bloom in the Antarctic Peninsula Region, 1986–87, Deep-Sea Res., 38, 1077–1095, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(91)90097-Y, 1991.
Bar-Zeev, E., Yogev, T., Man-Aharonovich, D., Kress, N., Herut, B., Beja, O., and Berman-Frank, I.: Seasonal dynamics of the endosymbiotic, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Richelia intracellularis in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, Isme J., 2, 911–923, https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2008.56, 2008.
Benavides, M., Agawin, N. S. R., Arístegui, J., Ferriol, P., and Stal, L. J.: Nitrogen fixation by Trichodesmium and small diazotrophs in the subtropical northeast Atlantic, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 65, 43–53, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01534, 2011.
Bonnet, S., Guieu, C., Bruyant, F., Prášil, O., Van Wambeke, F., Raimbault, P., Moutin, T., Grob, C., Gorbunov, M. Y., Zehr, J. P., Masquelier, S. M., Garczarek, L., and Claustre, H.: Nutrient limitation of primary productivity in the Southeast Pacific (BIOSOPE cruise), Biogeosciences, 5, 215–225, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-215-2008, 2008.
Bonnet, S., Biegala, I. C., Dutrieux, P., Slemons, L. O., and Capone, D. G.: Nitrogen fixation in the western equatorial Pacific: Rates, diazotrophic cyanobacterial size class distribution, and biogeochemical significance, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, GB3012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003439, 2009.
Bonnet, S., Grosso, O., and Moutin, T.: Planktonic dinitrogen fixation along a longitudinal gradient across the Mediterranean Sea during the stratified period (BOUM cruise), Biogeosciences, 8, 2257–2267, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2257-2011, 2011.
Borstad, G. A.: Some aspects of the occurrence and biology of Trichodesmium (cyanobacteria) in the western tropical Atlantic near Barbados, West Indies, Doctor of Philosophy, Marine Science Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 234 pp., 1978.
Boström, K. H., Riemann, L., Zweifel, U. L., and Hagström, Å.: Nodularia sp nifH gene transcripts in the Baltic Sea proper, J. Plankton Res., 29, 391–399, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbm019, 2007.
Brzezinski, M. A., Villareal, T. A., and Lipschultz, F.: Silica production and the contribution of diatoms to new and primary production in the central North Pacific, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 167, 89–104, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps167089, 1998.
Buitenhuis, E. T., Bednarsek, N., Doney, S. C., Dunne, J. P., Leblanc, K., Luo, Y.-W., Moriarty, R., O'Brien, T. D., Schiebel, R., Peloquin, J. A., and Vogt, M.: MAREDAT: Towards a world ocean atlas of marine ecosystem data, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., in preparation, 2012.
Campbell, J. W.: The lognormal distribution as a model for bio-optical variability in the sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 100, 13237–13254, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC00458, 1995.
Capone, D. G.: Determination of nitrogenase activity in aquatic samples using the acetylene reduction procedure, in: Handbook of Methods in Aquatic Microbial Ecology, edited by: Kemp, P. F., Cole, J. J., Sherr, B. F., and Sherr, E. B., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Fla, 621–631, 1993.
Capone, D. G.: The marine nitrogen cycle, in: Microbial ecology of the ocean, edited by: Kirchman, D., Wiley-Liss, New York, 455–493, 2000.
Capone, D. G., Zehr, J. P., Paerl, H. W., Bergman, B., and Carpenter, E. J.: Trichodesmium, a globally significant cyanobacterium, Science, 276, 1221-1229, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5316.1221, 1997.
Capone, D. G., Subramaniam, A., Montoya, J. P., Voss, M., Humborg, C., Johansen, A. M., Siefert, R. L., and Carpenter, E. J.: An extensive bloom of the N2-fixing cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum in the central Arabian Sea, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 172, 281–292, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps172281, 1998.
Capone, D. G., Burns, J. A., Montoya, J. P., Subramaniam, A., Mahaffey, C., Gunderson, T., Michaels, A. F., and Carpenter, E. J.: Nitrogen fixation by Trichodesmium spp.: An important source of new nitrogen to the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB2024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002331, 2005.
Carpenter, E. J.: Nitrogen fixation by marine Oscillatoria (Trichodesmium) in the world's oceans, in: Nitrogen in the Marine Environment, edited by: Carpenter, E. J. and Capone, D. G., Academic Press, New York, 65–103, 1983.
Carpenter, E. J. and Capone, D. G.: Nitrogen Fixation in the Marine Environment, in: Nitrogen in the Marine Environment, edited by: Capone, D. G., Bronk, D. A., Mulholland, M. R., and Carpenter, E. J., Academic Press, London, 1197–1218, 2008.
Carpenter, E. J. and Price, C. C.: Nitrogen fixation, distribution, and production of Oscillatoria (Trichodesmium) Spp. in the western Sargasso and Caribbean Seas, Limnol. Oceanogr., 22, 60–72, 1977.
Carpenter, E. J. and Romans, K.: Major role of the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium in nutrient cycling in the North Atlantic Ocean, Science, 254, 1356–1358, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.254.5036.1356, 1991.
Carpenter, E. J., Subramaniam, A., and Capone, D. G.: Biomass and primary productivity of the cyanobacterium, Trichodesmium spp., in the tropical N Atlantic Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 51, 173–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2003.10.006, 2004.
Chang, J., Chiang, K. P., and Gong, G. C.: Seasonal variation and cross-shelf distribution of the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium, Trichodesmium, in southern East China Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 20, 479–492, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(99)00082-5, 2000.
Chen, Y. L. L., Chen, H. Y., and Lin, Y. H.: Distribution and downward flux of Trichodesmium in the South China Sea as influenced by the transport from the Kuroshio Current, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 259, 47–57, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps259047, 2003.
Chen, Y. L. L., Chen, H. Y., Tuo, S. H., and Ohki, K.: Seasonal dynamics of new production from Trichodesmium N2 fixation and nitrate uptake in the upstream Kuroshio and South China Sea basin, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 1705–1721, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2008.53.5.1705, 2008.
Chen, Y. L. L., Tuo, S. H., and Chen, H. Y.: Co-occurrence and transfer of fixed nitrogen from Trichodesmium spp. to diatoms in the low-latitude Kuroshio Current in the NW Pacific, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 421, 25–38, https://doi.org/10.3354/Meps08908, 2011.
Church, M. J., Jenkins, B. D., Karl, D. M., and Zehr, J. P.: Vertical distributions of nitrogen-fixing phylotypes at Stn ALOHA in the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 38, 3–14, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame038003, 2005a.
Church, M. J., Short, C. M., Jenkins, B. D., Karl, D. M., and Zehr, J. P.: Temporal patterns of nitrogenase gene (nifH) expression in the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean, Appl. Envir. Microbiol., 71, 5362–5370, https://doi.org/10.1128/Aem.71.9.5362-5370.2005, 2005b.
Church, M. J., Mahaffey, C., Letelier, R. M., Lukas, R., Zehr, J. P., and Karl, D. M.: Physical forcing of nitrogen fixation and diazotroph community structure in the North Pacific subtropical gyre, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, GB2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gb003418, 2009.
Deutsch, C., Sarmiento, J. L., Sigman, D. M., Gruber, N., and Dunne, J. P.: Spatial coupling of nitrogen inputs and losses in the ocean, Nature, 445, 163–167, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05392, 2007.
Doney, S. C., Lima, I., Moore, J. K., Lindsay, K., Behrenfeld, M. J., Westberry, T. K., Mahowald, N., Glover, D. M., and Takahashi, T.: Skill metrics for confronting global upper ocean ecosystem-biogeochemistry models against field and remote sensing data, J. Marine Syst., 76, 95–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.05.015, 2009.
Dong, J. D., Zhang, Y. Y., Wang, Y. S., Zhang, S., and Wang, H. K.: Spatial and seasonal variations of Cyanobacteria and their nitrogen fixation rates in Sanya Bay, South China Sea, Sci. Mar., 72, 239–251, 2008.
Dore, J. E., Brum, J. R., Tupas, L. M., and Karl, D. M.: Seasonal and interannual variability in sources of nitrogen supporting export in the oligotrophic subtropical North Pacific Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 47, 1595–1607, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.6.1595, 2002.
Dortch, Q., Roberts, T. L., Clayton, J. R., and Ahmed, S. I.: RNA/DNA ratios and DNA concentrations as indicators of growth rate and biomass in planktonic marine organisms, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 13, 61–71, 1983.
Dugdale, R. C., Goering, J. J., and Ryther, J. H.: Nitrogen fixation in the Sargasso Sea, Deep-Sea Res., 7, 298–300, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6313(61)90051-X, 1961.
Falcón, L. I., Carpenter, E. J., Cipriano, F., Bergman, B., and Capone, D. G.: N2 fixation by unicellular bacterioplankton from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans: Phylogeny and in situ rates, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70, 765–770, https://doi.org/10.1128/Aem.70.2.765-770.2004, 2004.
Farnelid, H., Andersson, A. F., Bertilsson, S., Abu Al-Soud, W., Hansen, L. H., Sorensen, S., Steward, G. F., Hagstrom, A., and Riemann, L.: Nitrogenase Gene Amplicons from Global Marine Surface Waters Are Dominated by Genes of Non-Cyanobacteria, Plos One, 6, e19223, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019223, 2011.
Fernández, A., Mouriño-Carballido, B., Bode, A., Varela, M., and Marañón, E.: Latitudinal distribution of Trichodesmium spp. and N2 fixation in the Atlantic Ocean, Biogeosciences, 7, 3167–3176, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3167-2010, 2010.
Fernández, C., Farías, L., and Ulloa, O.: Nitrogen Fixation in Denitrified Marine Waters, Plos One, 6, e20539, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020539, 2011.
Fernández, A., Graña, R., Mouriño-Carballido, B., Bode, A., Varela, M., Domínguez, J. F., Escánez, J., de Armas, D., and Marañón, E.: Community N2 fixation and Trichodesmium spp. abundance along longitudinal gradients in the Eastern Subtropical North Atlantic, in preparation, 2012.
Fong, A. A., Karl, D. M., Lukas, R., Letelier, R. M., Zehr, J. P., and Church, M. J.: Nitrogen fixation in an anticyclonic eddy in the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean, ISME J., 2, 663–676, https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2008.22, 2008.
Foster, R. A. and O'Mullan, G. D.: Nitrogen-fixing and nitrifying Symbioses in the marine environment, in: Nitrogen in the Marine Environment, edited by: Capone, D. G., Bronk, D. A., Mulholland, M. R., and Carpenter, E. J., Academic Press, London, 1197–1218, 2008.
Foster, R. A. and Zehr, J. P.: Characterization of diatom-cyanobacteria symbioses on the basis of nifH, hetR and 16S rRNA sequences, Environ. Microb., 8, 1913–1925, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01068.x, 2006.
Foster, R. A., Subramaniam, A., Mahaffey, C., Carpenter, E. J., Capone, D. G., and Zehr, J. P.: Influence of the Amazon River plume on distributions of free-living and symbiotic cyanobacteria in the western tropical north Atlantic Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 52, 517–532, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.2.0517, 2007.
Foster, R. A., Paytan, A., and Zehr, J. P.: Seasonality of N2 fixation and nifH gene diversity in the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea), Limnol. Oceanogr., 54, 219–233, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.1.0219, 2009a.
Foster, R. A., Subramaniam, A., and Zehr, J. P.: Distribution and activity of diazotrophs in the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic, Environ. Microbiol., 11, 741–750, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01796.x, 2009b.
Foster, R. A., Kuypers, M. M. M., Vagner, T., Paerl, R. W., Musat, N., and Zehr, J. P.: Nitrogen fixation and transfer in open ocean diatom-cyanobacterial symbioses, ISME J., 5, 1484–1493, https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2011.26, 2011.
Galloway, J. N., Dentener, F. J., Capone, D. G., Boyer, E. W., Howarth, R. W., Seitzinger, S. P., Asner, G. P., Cleveland, C. C., Green, P. A., Holland, E. A., Karl, D. M., Michaels, A. F., Porter, J. H., Townsend, A. R., and Vorosmarty, C. J.: Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future, Biogeochemistry, 70, 153–226, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-0370-0, 2004.
Gandhi, N., Singh, A., Prakash, S., Ramesh, R., Raman, M., Sheshshayee, M. S., and Shetye, S.: First direct measurements of N2 fixation during a Trichodesmium bloom in the eastern Arabian Sea, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 25, Gb4014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gb003970, 2011.
Garcia, N., Raimbault, P., and Sandroni, V.: Seasonal nitrogen fixation and primary production in the Southwest Pacific: nanoplankton diazotrophy and transfer of nitrogen to picoplankton organisms, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 343, 25–33, https://doi.org/10.3354/Meps06882, 2007.
Glover, D. M., Jenkins, W. J., and Doney, S. C.: Modeling Methods for Marine Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2011.
Goebel, N. L., Edwards, C. A., Carter, B. J., Achilles, K. M., and Zehr, J. P.: Growth and carbon content of three different-sized diazotrophic cyanobacteria observed in the subtropical North Pacific, J. Phycol., 44, 1212–1220, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00581.x, 2008.
Goebel, N. L., Turk, K. A., Achilles, K. M., Paerl, R., Hewson, I., Morrison, A. E., Montoya, J. P., Edwards, C. A., and Zehr, J. P.: Abundance and distribution of major groups of diazotrophic cyanobacteria and their potential contribution to N2 fixation in the tropical Atlantic Ocean, Environ. Microbiol., 12, 3272–3289, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02303.x, 2010.
Goering, J. J., Dugdale, R. C., and Menzel, D. W.: Estimates of in situ rates of nitrogen uptake by Trichodesmium sp. in the tropical Atlantic Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 11, 614–620, 1966.
Gómez, F., Furuya, K., and Takeda, S.: Distribution of the cyanobacterium Richelia intracellularis as an epiphyte of the diatom Chaetoceros compressus in the western Pacific Ocean, J. Plankton Res., 27, 323–330, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbi007, 2005.
Grabowski, M. N. W., Church, M. J., and Karl, D. M.: Nitrogen fixation rates and controls at Stn ALOHA, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 52, 175–183, https://doi.org/10.3354/Ame01209, 2008.
Gro{ß}kopf, T., Mohr, W., Baustian, T., Schunck, H., Gill, D., Kuypers, M. M. M., Lavik, G., Schmitz, R. A., R.Wallace, D. W., and LaRoche, J.: Doubling of marine dinitrogen-fixation rates based on direct measurements, Nature, 488, 361–364, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11338, 2012.
Gruber, N.: The Marine Nitrogen Cycle: Overview and Challenges, in: Nitrogen in the marine environment, 2nd Edn., edited by: Capone, D. G., Bronk, D. A., Mulholland, M. R., and Carpenter, E. J., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1–50, 2008.
Gruber, N. and Sarmiento, J. L.: Global patterns of marine nitrogen fixation and denitrification, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 11, 235–266, 1997.
Gruber, N. and Sarmiento, J. L.: Large-scale biogeochemical /physical interactions in elemental cycles, in: The Sea. Biological-Physical Interactions in the Sea, edited by: Robinson, A. R., McCarthy, J. J., and Rothschild, B. J., John Wiley & Sons, New York City, 2002.
Gundersen, K. R., Corbin, J. S., Hanson, C. L., Hanson, M. L., Hanson, R. B., Russell, D. J., Stollar, A., and Yamadas, O.: Structure and biological dynamics of the oligotrophic ocean photic zone off the Hawaiian Islands, Pac. Sci., 30, 45–68, 1976.
Hegde, S., Anil, A. C., Patil, J. S., Mitbavkar, S., Krishnamurthy, V., and Gopalakrishna, V. V.: Influence of environmental settings on the prevalence of Trichodesmium spp. in the Bay of Bengal, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 356, 93–101, https://doi.org/10.3354/Meps07259, 2008.
Holm-Hansen, O.: Determination of microbial biomass in ocean profiles, Limnol. Oceanogr., 14, 740–747, 1969.
Holm-Hansen, O., Sutcliffe Jr., W. H., and Sharp, J.: Measurement of Deoxyribonucleic Acid in the Ocean and its Ecological Significance, Limnol. Oceanogr., 13, 507–514, 1968.
Hulburt, E. M.: Phytoplankton in thesSouthewestern Sagasso Sea and North Equatorial current, Limnol. Oceanogr., 7, 307–315, 1962.
Hulburt, E. M.: The distribution of phytoplankton, and its relationship to hydrography, between southern New England and Venezuela, J. Mar. Res., 24, 67–81, 1966.
Hulburt, E. M.: Phytoplankton observations in the western Caribbean Sea, B. Mar. Sci., 18, 388–399, 1968.
Hynes, A. M., Webb, E. A., Doney, S. C., and Waterbury, J. B.: Comparison of cultured Trichodesmium (Cyanophyceae) with species characterized from the field, J. Phycol., 48, 196–210, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01096.x, 2012.
Janson, S., Wouters, J., Bergman, B., and Carpenter, E. J.: Host specificity in the Richelia-diatom symbiosis revealed by hetR gene sequence analysis, Environ. Microbiol., 1, 431–438, https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2011.26, 1999.
Karl, D., Michaels, A., Bergman, B., Capone, D., Carpenter, E., Letelier, R., Lipschitz, F., Paerl, H., Sigman, D., and Stal, L.: Dinitrogen fixation in the world's oceans, Biogeochemistry, 57/58, 47–98, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015798105851, 2002.
Karl, D. M., Letelier, R., Tupas, L., Dore, J., Christian, J., and Hebel, D.: The role of nitrogen fixation in biogeochemical cycling in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean, Nature, 388, 533–538, 1997.
Kitajima, S., Furuya, K., Hashihama, F., Takeda, S., and Kanda, J.: Latitudinal distribution of diazotrophs and their nitrogen fixation in the tropical and subtropical western North Pacific, Limnol. Oceanogr., 54, 537–547, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.2.0537, 2009.
Koch, A. L.: Logarithm in Biology. 1. Mechanisms Generating Log-Normal Distribution Exactly, J. Theor. Biol., 12, 276–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(66)90119-6, 1966.
Kong, L., Jing, H., Kataoka, T., Sun, J., and Liu, H.: Phylogenetic diversity and spatio-temporal distribution of nitrogenase genes (nifH) in the northern South China Sea, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 65, 15–27, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01531, 2011.
Kromkamp, J., De Bie, M., Goosen, N., Peene, J., Van Rijswijk, P., Sinke, J., and Duineveld, G. C. A.: Primary production by phytoplankton along the Kenyan coast during the SE monsoon and November intermonsoon 1992, and the occurrence of Trichodesmium, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 44, 1195–1212, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00015-5, 1997.
Langlois, R. J., LaRoche, J., and Raab, P. A.: Diazotrophic diversity and distribution in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic ocean, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71, 7910–7919, https://doi.org/10.1128/Aem.71.12.7910-7919.2005, 2005.
Langlois, R. J., Hümmer, D., and LaRoche, J.: Abundances and distributions of the dominant nifH phylotypes in the Northern Atlantic Ocean, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 74, 1922–1931, https://doi.org/10.1128/Aem.01720-07, 2008.
LaRoche, J. and Breitbarth, E.: Importance of the diazotrophs as a source of new nitrogen in the ocean, J. Sea Res., 53, 67–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2004.05.005, 2005.
Letelier, R. M. and Karl, D. M.: Role of Trichodesmium spp. in the productivity of the subtropical North Pacific Ocean, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 133, 263–273, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps133263, 1996.
Limpert, E., Stahel, W. A., and Abbt, M.: Log-normal distributions across the sciences: Keys and clues, Bioscience, 51, 341–352, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0341:LNDATS]2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Lugomela, C., Lyimo, T. J., Bryceson, I., Semesi, A. K., and Bergman, B.: Trichodesmium in coastal waters of Tanzania: diversity, seasonality, nitrogen and carbon fixation, Hydrobiologia, 477, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021017125376, 2002.
Mague, T. H., Weare, N. M., and Holm-Hansen, O.: Nitrogen fixation in the North Pacific Ocean, Mar. Biol., 24, 109–119, 1974.
Mague, T. H., Mague, F. C., and Holm-Hansen, O.: Physiology and chemical composition of nitrogen-fixing phytoplankton in the central North Pacific Ocean, Mar. Biol., 41, 213–227, 1977.
Marumo, R. and Asaoka, O.: Distribution of pelagic blue-green algae in the North Pacific Ocean, Journal of the Oceanographical Society of Japan, 30, 77–85, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02112896, 1974.
Mazard, S. L., Fuller, N. J., Orcutt, K. M., Bridle, O., and Scanlan, D. J.: PCR analysis of the distribution of unicellular cyanobacterial diazotrophs in the Arabian Sea, Appl. Envir. Microbiol., 70, 7355–7364, https://doi.org/10.1128/Aem.70.12.7355-7364.2004, 2004.
McCarthy, J. J. and Carpenter, E. J.: Oscillatoria (Trichodesmium) thiebautii (cyanophyta) in the central North Atlantic Ocean, J. Phycol., 15, 75–82, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.1979.tb02965.x, 1979.
Mohr, W., Grosskopf, T., Wallace, D. W. R., and LaRoche, J.: Methodological underestimation of oceanic nitrogen fixation rates, Plos One, 5, e12583, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012583, 2010.
Moisander, P. H., Beinart, R. A., Voss, M., and Zehr, J. P.: Diversity and abundance of diazotrophic microorganisms in the South China Sea during intermonsoon, ISME J., 2, 954–967, https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2008.51, 2008.
Moisander, P. H., Beinart, R. A., Hewson, I., White, A. E., Johnson, K. S., Carlson, C. A., Montoya, J. P., and Zehr, J. P.: Unicellular cyanobacterial distributions broaden the oceanic N2 fixation domain, Science, 327, 1512–1514, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185468, 2010.
Montoya, J. P., Voss, M., Kahler, P., and Capone, D. G.: A simple, high-precision, high-sensitivity tracer assay for N2 fixation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62, 986–993, 1996.
Montoya, J. P., Houll, C. M., Zehr, J. P., Hansen, A., Villareal, T. A., and Capone, D. G.: High rates of N2 fixation by unicellular diazotrophs in the oligotrophic Pacific Ocean, Nature, 430, 1027–1032, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02824, 2004.
Moore, C. M., Mills, M. M., Achterberg, E. P., Geider, R. J., LaRoche, J., Lucas, M. I., McDonagh, E. L., Pan, X., Poulton, A. J., Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Suggett, D. J., Ussher, S. J., and Woodward, E. M. S.: Large-scale distribution of Atlantic nitrogen fixation controlled by iron availability, Nat. Geosci., 2, 867–871, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo667, 2009.
Mouriño-Carballido, B., Graña, R., Fernández, A., Bode, A., Varela, M., Domínguez, J. F., Escánez, J., Armas, D. D., and Marañón, E.: Importance of N2 fixation vs. nitrate eddy diffusion along a latitudinal transect in the Atlantic Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 56, 999–1007, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2011.56.3.0999, 2011.
Mulholland, M. R.: The fate of nitrogen fixed by diazotrophs in the ocean, Biogeosciences, 4, 37–51, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-37-2007, 2007.
Mulholland, M. R., Bronk, D. A., and Capone, D. G.: Dinitrogen fixation and release of ammonium and dissolved organic nitrogen by Trichodesmium IMS101, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 37, 85–94, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame037085, 2004.
Mulholland, M. R., Bernhardt, P. W., Blanco-Garcia, J. L., Mannino, A., Hyde, K., Mondragon, E., Turk, K., Moisander, P. H., and Zehr, J. P.: Rates of dinitrogen fixation and the abundance of diazotrophs in North American coastal waters between Cape Hatteras and Georges Bank, Limnol. Oceanogr., 57, 1067–1083, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2012.57.4.1067, 2012.
Needoba, J. A., Foster, R. A., Sakamoto, C., Zehr, J. P., and Johnson, K. S.: Nitrogen fixation by unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacteria in the temperate oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 52, 1317–1327, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.4.1317, 2007.
Orcutt, K. M., Lipschultz, F., Gundersen, K., Arimoto, R., Michaels, A. F., Knap, A. H., and Gallon, J. R.: A seasonal study of the significance of N2 fixation by Trichodesmium spp. at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 48, 1583–1608, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00157-0, 2001.
Postgate, J. R.: The Fundamentals of Nitrogen Fixation, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1998.
Poulton, A. J., Stinchcombe, M. C., and Quartly, G. D.: High numbers of Trichodesmium and diazotrophic diatoms in the southwest Indian Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15610, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039719, 2009.
Rahav, E., Herut, B., Stambler, N., Bar-Zeev, E., Gertman, I., Mulholland, R. M., and Berman-Frank, I.: Summertime dinitrogen fixation in a gyre and eddy of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., in review, 2011.
Rahav, E., Herut, B., Levi, A., Mulholland, M., and Berman-Frank, I.: Controls on surface dinitrogen fixation across the Mediterranean during springtime, in preparation, 2012a.
Rahav, E., Herut, B., Levi, A., Mulholland, M., and Berman-Frank, I.: Dinitrogen fixation at the stratified and mixed periods of the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea), in preparation, 2012b.
Raimbault, P. and Garcia, N.: Evidence for efficient regenerated production and dinitrogen fixation in nitrogen-deficient waters of the South Pacific Ocean: impact on new and export production estimates, Biogeosciences, 5, 323–338, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-323-2008, 2008.
Reddy, K. J., Haskell, J. B., Sherman, D. M., and Sherman, L. A.: Unicellular, Aerobic Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria of the Genus Cyanothece, J. Bacteriol., 175, 1284–1292, 1993.
Rees, A. P., Law, C. S., and Woodward, E. M. S.: High rates of nitrogen fixation during an in-situ phosphate release experiment in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L10607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025791, 2006.
Rees, A. P., Gilbert, J. A., and Kelly-Gerreyn, B. A.: Nitrogen fixation in the western English Channel (NE Atlantic Ocean), Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 374, 7–12, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07771, 2009.
Riemann, L., Farnelid, H., and Steward, G. F.: Nitrogenase genes in non-cyanobacterial plankton: prevalence, diversity and regulation in marine waters, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 61, 225–237, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01431, 2010.
Sandroni, V., Raimbault, P., Migon, C., Garcia, N., and Gouze, E.: Dry atmospheric deposition and diazotrophy as sources of new nitrogen to northwestern Mediterranean oligotrophic surface waters, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 54, 1859–1870, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.08.004, 2007.
Sato, S., Maryse, N. R., and Eskinazi, E.: On the mechanism of red tide of Trichodesmium in Recife, northwest Brazil, with some considerations of the relation to the human disease "Tamadare fever", Trab. Inst. Oceanogr. Univ. Recife, 5, 7–49, 1966.
Scranton, M. I.: Hydrogen cycling in the waters near Bermuda: the role of the nitrogen fixer, Osciflutoriu thiebuutii, Deep-Sea Res., 31, 133–143, 1984.
Shiozaki, T., Furuya, K., Kodama, T., Kitajima, S., Takeda, S., Takemura, T., and Kanda, J.: New estimation of N2 fixation in the western and central Pacific Ocean and its marginal seas, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB1015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003620, 2010.
Sohm, J. A., Subramaniam, A., Gunderson, T. E., Carpenter, E. J., and Capone, D. G.: Nitrogen fixation by Trichodesmium spp. and unicellular diazotrophs in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 116, G03002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001513, 2011a.
Sohm, J. A., Webb, E. A., and Capone, D. G.: Emerging patterns of marine nitrogen fixation, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 9, 499–508, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2594, 2011b.
Steven, D. M. and Glombitza, R.: Oscillatory variation of a phytoplankton population in a tropical ocean, Nature, 237, 105–107, https://doi.org/10.1038/237105a0, 1972.
Sundström, B. G.: Observations on Rhizosolenia clevei Ostenfeld (Bacillariophyceae) and Richelia intracellularis Schmidt (Cyanophyceae), Bot. Mar., 27, 345–355, 1984.
Taniuchi, Y., Chen, Y.-l. L., Chen, H.-Y., Tsai, M.-L., and Ohki, K.: Isolation and characterization of the unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacterium Group C TW3 from the tropical western Pacific Ocean, Environ. Microbiol., 14, 641–654, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02606.x, 2012.
Tuit, C., Waterbury, J., and Ravizzaz, G.: Diel variation of molybdenum and iron in marine diazotrophic cyanobacteria, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 978–990, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2004.49.4.0978, 2004.
Turk, K. A., Rees, A. P., Zehr, J. P., Pereira, N., Swift, P., Shelley, R., Lohan, M., Woodward, E. M. S., and Gilbert, J.: Nitrogen fixation and nitrogenase (nifH) expression in tropical waters of the eastern North Atlantic, ISME J., 5, 1201–1212, https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2010.205, 2011.
Tyrrell, T.: The relative influences of nitrogen and phosphorus on oceanic primary production, Nature, 400, 525–531, https://doi.org/10.1038/22941, 1999.
Tyrrell, T., Marañón, E., Poulton, A. J., Bowie, A. R., Harbour, D. S., and Woodward, E. M. S.: Large-scale latitudinal distribution of Trichodesmium spp. in the Atlantic Ocean, J. Plankton Res., 25, 405–416, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/25.4.405, 2003.
Venrick, E. L.: Distribution and Significance of Richelia Intracellularis Schmidt in North Pacific Central Gyre, Limnol. Oceanogr., 19, 437–445, 1974.
Verity, P. G., Robertson, C. Y., Tronzo, C. R., Andrews, M. G., Nelson, J. R., and Sieracki, M. E.: Relationships between cell volume and the carbon and nitrogen content of marine photosynthetic nanoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 37, 1434–1446, 1992.
Villareal, T. A.: Division Cycles in the Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizosolenia (Bacillariophyceae)-Richelia (Nostocaceae) Symbiosis, Brit. Phycol. J., 24, 357–365, https://doi.org/10.1080/00071618900650371, 1989.
Villareal, T. A.: Laboratory Culture and Preliminary Characterization of the Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizosolenia-Richelia Symbiosis, Mar. Ecol., 11, 117–132, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.1990.tb00233.x, 1990.
Villareal, T. A.: Marine nitrogen-fixing diatom-cyanobacteria symbioses, in: Marine Pelagic Cyanobacteria: Trichodesmium and other diazotrophs, edited by: Carpenter, E. J., Capone, D. G., and Rueter, J. G., NATO ASI Series, 362, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 163–175, 1992.
Villareal, T. A., Adornato, L., Wilson, C., and Schoenbaechler, C. A.: Summer blooms of diatom-diazotroph assemblages and surface chlorophyll in the North Pacific gyre: A disconnect, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C03001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jc006268, 2011.
Watkins-Brandt, K. S., Letelier, R. M., Spitz, Y. H., Church, M. J., Böttjer, D., and White, A. E.: Addition of inorganic or organic phosphorus enhances nitrogen and carbon fixation in the oligotrophic North Pacific, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 432, 17–29, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09147, 2011.
Webb, E. A., Ehrenreich, I. M., Brown, S. L., Valois, F. W., and Waterbury, J. B.: Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of multiple strains of the diazotrophic cyanobacterium, Crocosphaera watsonii, isolated from the open ocean, Environ. Microbiol., 11, 338–348, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01771.x, 2009.
White, A. E., Foster, R. A., Benitez-Nelson, C. R., Masqué, P., Verdeny, E., Popp, B. N., Arthur, K. E., and Prahl, F. G.: Nitrogen fixation in the Gulf of California and the Eastern Tropical North Pacific, Prog. Oceanogr., submitted, 2012.
Wilson, S. T., Böttjer, D., Church, M. J., and Karl, D. M.: Comparative assessment of nitrogen fixation methodologies conducted in the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 78, 6516–6523, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01146-12, 2012.
Winn, C. D. and Karl, D. M.: Diel Nucleic-Acid Synthesis and Particulate DNA Concentrations – Conflicts with Division Rate Estimates by DNA Accumulation, Limnol. Oceanogr., 31, 637–645, 1986.
Wu, J. F., Chung, S. W., Wen, L. S., Liu, K. K., Chen, Y. L. L., Chen, H. Y., and Karl, D. M.: Dissolved inorganic phosphorus, dissolved iron, and Trichodesmium in the oligotrophic South China Sea, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gb001924, 2003.
Yogev, T., Rahav, E., Bar-Zeev, E., Man-Aharonovich, D., Stambler, N., Kress, N., Beja, O., Mulholland, M. R., Herut, B., and Berman-Frank, I.: Is dinitrogen fixation significant in the Levantine Basin, East Mediterranean Sea?, Environ. Microbiol., 13, 854–871, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02402.x, 2011.
Zehr, J. P.: Nitrogen fixation by marine cyanobacteria, Trends Microbiol., 19, 162–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2010.12.004, 2011.
Zehr, J. P., Mellon, M. T., and Zani, S.: New nitrogen-fixing microorganisms detected in oligotrophic oceans by amplification of nitrogenase (nifH) genes, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64, 3444–3450, 1998.
Zehr, J. P., Waterbury, J. B., Turner, P. J., Montoya, J. P., Omoregie, E., Steward, G. F., Hansen, A., and Karl, D. M.: Unicellular cyanobacteria fix N2 in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean, Nature, 412, 635–638, https://doi.org/10.1038/35088063, 2001.
Zehr, J. P., Montoya, J. P., Jenkins, B. D., Hewson, I., Mondragon, E., Short, C. M., Church, M. J., Hansen, A., and Karl, D. M.: Experiments linking nitrogenase gene expression to nitrogen fixation in the North Pacific subtropical gyre, Limnol. Oceanogr., 52, 169–183, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.1.0169, 2007.
Zehr, J. P., Bench, S. R., Carter, B. J., Hewson, I., Niazi, F., Shi, T., Tripp, H. J., and Affourtit, J. P.: Globally Distributed Uncultivated Oceanic N2-Fixing Cyanobacteria Lack Oxygenic Photosystem II, Science, 322, 1110–1112, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1165340, 2008.
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint