Articles | Volume 17, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5209-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5209-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
09 Oct 2025
Data description paper |
| 09 Oct 2025
| 09 Oct 2025
Data collected by a drone backpack for air quality and atmospheric state measurements during Pallas Cloud Experiment 2022 (PaCE2022)
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palménin aukio 1, 00506, Helsinki, Finland
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palménin aukio 1, 00506, Helsinki, Finland
Joel Kuula
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palménin aukio 1, 00506, Helsinki, Finland
Konstantinos Doulgeris
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palménin aukio 1, 00506, Helsinki, Finland
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Kajal Julaha, Vladimír Ždímal, Saliou Mbengue, David Brus, and Naděžda Zíková
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This study used drones for vertical profiling of black carbon and particle number at rural and urban sites in Czechia. With aerosol drying, drone measurements matched with fixed instruments; without drying, black carbon was significantly overestimated. Rural profiles were more stratified in winter, while urban summer profiles were well-mixed. These findings can help improve air-quality monitoring and policies by capturing vertical pollution structures that ground stations cannot resolve.
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We present data collected from ground-based cloud instruments that measured cloud droplets in autumn 2022 in northern Finland. The aim of the research was to improve understanding of how clouds form and behave in cold regions. Measurements were taken directly inside clouds and include information on droplet sizes, water content, and weather conditions. The results support better climate and weather prediction.
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Short summary
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Clouds play a key role in weather and climate. Pure liquid water droplets are liquid until about −35 °C without the presence of a small subset of aerosols, ice-nucleating particles (INPs). These INPs lead to primary ice formation and therefore impact the phase of clouds. The dataset described herein provides INP concentration measurements at two altitudes. Connecting this data to synoptic conditions and ambient data might provide a better understanding of INPs in Finnish Lapland.
Alexander Böhmländer, Larissa Lacher, Romy Fösig, Nicole Büttner, Jens Nadolny, David Brus, Konstantinos-Matthaios Doulgeris, and Ottmar Möhler
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Cloud-aerosol interactions lead to a phase change of water droplets inside the atmosphere. One of these interactions happens due to a small subset of aerosols, ice-nucleating particles (INPs). These INPs lead to the freezing of pure water droplets above −35 °C, which otherwise would stay liquid. This has impacts on the weather and climate. The present data set presents a unique data set with a high temporal resolution.
Jürgen Gratzl, Alexander Böhmländer, Sanna Pätsi, Clara-E. Pogner, Markus Gorfer, David Brus, Konstantinos Matthaios Doulgeris, Florian Wieland, Eija Asmi, Annika Saarto, Ottmar Möhler, Dominik Stolzenburg, and Hinrich Grothe
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We studied particles in the air over 1 year in the Finnish sub-Arctic to understand how biological particles affect ice formation in clouds. We found that fungal spores are the main contributors to ice formation at warmer temperatures. These particles are released locally and vary with the weather. Our results also show that we know very little about which fungi can form ice in the atmosphere, highlighting a major gap in our understanding of how nature influences weather and climate.
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Clouds and aerosol are important for weather and climate. Typically, pure water cloud droplets stay liquid until around −35 °C, unless they come into contact with ice-nucleating particles (INPs). INPs are a rare subset of aerosol particles. Using uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), it is possible to collect aerosol particles and analyse their ice-nucleating ability. This study describes the test and validation of a sampling set-up that can be used to collect aerosol particles onto a filter.
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Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3975–3985, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3975-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3975-2025, 2025
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Near-real time monitoring of airborne biological particles like fungal spores or pollen grains is of great interest for two main reasons: to improve atmospheric allergen forecasts and to deepen the understanding of how bio-aerosols influence cloud formation. Here, we measured fluorescent bio-aerosols in the Finnish sub-Arctic with a high time resolution. A data set that might improve our understanding of biosphere–cloud interactions and the dynamics of bio-aerosols in the atmosphere.
Jessica Girdwood, David Brus, Konstantinos-Matthaios Doulgeris, and Alexander Böhmländer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-257, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-257, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
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In-situ data of cloud microphysics is essential for targeted studies of cloud processes, validating remote sensing, and both assessing and improving the accuracy of weather and climate models. In this work we adopt a novel technique using a small uncrewed aircraft (SUA) and a bespoke sensor to produce vertical profiles of cloud microphysical parameters. The data are publicly available from https://zenodo.org/records/14756233.
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Preprint under review for ESSD
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This work describes the in-situ aerosol measurements at the Arctic Sammaltunturi measurement station in Pallas in northern Finland. This data paper describes the instruments and the data post processing of key aerosol particle measurements that are relevant for cloud properties. Data reported here are part of the Pallas Cloud Experiment in 2022 (PaCE2022).
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This manuscript presents datasets collected during the Pallas Cloud Experiment in northern Finland during the autumn of 2022. We provide an overview of the payload that measured meteorological, cloud, and aerosol properties, and was deployed on tethered balloon systems across 21 flights. Additionally, we describe the datasets obtained, including details of the instruments on the payload.
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Representations of the atmospheric boundary layer over sea ice are a challenge for numerical weather prediction models. To increase our understanding of the relevant processes, a field campaign was carried out over the sea ice in the Baltic Sea from 27 February to 2 March 2020. Observations included 27 unmanned aerial vehicle flights, four photogrammetry missions, and shore-based automatic weather station and lidar wind measurements. The dataset obtained is used to validate model results.
Gijs de Boer, Adam Houston, Jamey Jacob, Phillip B. Chilson, Suzanne W. Smith, Brian Argrow, Dale Lawrence, Jack Elston, David Brus, Osku Kemppinen, Petra Klein, Julie K. Lundquist, Sean Waugh, Sean C. C. Bailey, Amy Frazier, Michael P. Sama, Christopher Crick, David Schmale III, James Pinto, Elizabeth A. Pillar-Little, Victoria Natalie, and Anders Jensen
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This paper provides an overview of the Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation – a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment (LAPSE-RATE) field campaign, held from 14 to 20 July 2018. This field campaign spanned a 1-week deployment to Colorado's San Luis Valley, involving over 100 students, scientists, engineers, pilots, and outreach coordinators. This overview paper provides insight into the campaign for a special issue focused on the datasets collected during LAPSE-RATE.
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This study used drones for vertical profiling of black carbon and particle number at rural and urban sites in Czechia. With aerosol drying, drone measurements matched with fixed instruments; without drying, black carbon was significantly overestimated. Rural profiles were more stratified in winter, while urban summer profiles were well-mixed. These findings can help improve air-quality monitoring and policies by capturing vertical pollution structures that ground stations cannot resolve.
Kimmo Teinilä, Teemu Lepistö, Jarkko V. Niemi, Harri Portin, Anssi Julkunen, Anu Kousa, Joel Kuula, Hanna E. Manninen, Pasi Aalto, Tuukka Petäjä, Topi Rönkkö, Erkka Saukko, and Hilkka Timonen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5777, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5777, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).
Short summary
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Particle number concentrations were measured with CPCs and AQ Urban sensors at two different urban environments in Helsinki in 2022. The measurement sites were traffic related and background urban sites. The aim of the study was to investigate suitability of using AQ Urban sensors in urban air quality monitoring to obtain particle number concentrations and challenges related to this.
Konstantinos Matthaios Doulgeris, Ville Kaikkonen, Harri Juttula, Eero Molkoselkä, Anssi Mäkynen, and David Brus
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 6497–6506, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-6497-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-6497-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present data collected from ground-based cloud instruments that measured cloud droplets in autumn 2022 in northern Finland. The aim of the research was to improve understanding of how clouds form and behave in cold regions. Measurements were taken directly inside clouds and include information on droplet sizes, water content, and weather conditions. The results support better climate and weather prediction.
Joel Kuula, Juho Karhu, Tommi Mikkonen, Aki Virkkula, Hilkka Timonen, Tuomas Hieta, and Markku Vainio
Aerosol Research Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2025-38, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2025-38, 2025
Preprint under review for AR
Short summary
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Black carbon particles absorb sunlight and warm the climate, but their properties change in the atmosphere. We measured how changes in soot particle shape affect size-resolved light absorption. Our results show that compacted particles absorb more light, although this effect can reverse due to competing physical processes.
Alexander Böhmländer, Larissa Lacher, Kristina Höhler, David Brus, Konstantinos-Matthaios Doulgeris, Jessica Girdwood, Thomas Leisner, and Ottmar Möhler
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 6157–6164, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-6157-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-6157-2025, 2025
Short summary
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Clouds play a key role in weather and climate. Pure liquid water droplets are liquid until about −35 °C without the presence of a small subset of aerosols, ice-nucleating particles (INPs). These INPs lead to primary ice formation and therefore impact the phase of clouds. The dataset described herein provides INP concentration measurements at two altitudes. Connecting this data to synoptic conditions and ambient data might provide a better understanding of INPs in Finnish Lapland.
Alexander Böhmländer, Larissa Lacher, Romy Fösig, Nicole Büttner, Jens Nadolny, David Brus, Konstantinos-Matthaios Doulgeris, and Ottmar Möhler
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 6165–6171, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-6165-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-6165-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Cloud-aerosol interactions lead to a phase change of water droplets inside the atmosphere. One of these interactions happens due to a small subset of aerosols, ice-nucleating particles (INPs). These INPs lead to the freezing of pure water droplets above −35 °C, which otherwise would stay liquid. This has impacts on the weather and climate. The present data set presents a unique data set with a high temporal resolution.
Jürgen Gratzl, Alexander Böhmländer, Sanna Pätsi, Clara-E. Pogner, Markus Gorfer, David Brus, Konstantinos Matthaios Doulgeris, Florian Wieland, Eija Asmi, Annika Saarto, Ottmar Möhler, Dominik Stolzenburg, and Hinrich Grothe
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 12007–12035, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12007-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-12007-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied particles in the air over 1 year in the Finnish sub-Arctic to understand how biological particles affect ice formation in clouds. We found that fungal spores are the main contributors to ice formation at warmer temperatures. These particles are released locally and vary with the weather. Our results also show that we know very little about which fungi can form ice in the atmosphere, highlighting a major gap in our understanding of how nature influences weather and climate.
Alexander Böhmländer, Larissa Lacher, David Brus, Konstantinos-Matthaios Doulgeris, Zoé Brasseur, Matthew Boyer, Joel Kuula, Thomas Leisner, and Ottmar Möhler
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 3959–3971, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3959-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-3959-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Clouds and aerosol are important for weather and climate. Typically, pure water cloud droplets stay liquid until around −35 °C, unless they come into contact with ice-nucleating particles (INPs). INPs are a rare subset of aerosol particles. Using uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), it is possible to collect aerosol particles and analyse their ice-nucleating ability. This study describes the test and validation of a sampling set-up that can be used to collect aerosol particles onto a filter.
Jürgen Gratzl, David Brus, Konstantinos Doulgeris, Alexander Böhmländer, Ottmar Möhler, and Hinrich Grothe
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3975–3985, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3975-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3975-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Near-real time monitoring of airborne biological particles like fungal spores or pollen grains is of great interest for two main reasons: to improve atmospheric allergen forecasts and to deepen the understanding of how bio-aerosols influence cloud formation. Here, we measured fluorescent bio-aerosols in the Finnish sub-Arctic with a high time resolution. A data set that might improve our understanding of biosphere–cloud interactions and the dynamics of bio-aerosols in the atmosphere.
Jessica Girdwood, David Brus, Konstantinos-Matthaios Doulgeris, and Alexander Böhmländer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-257, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-257, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
In-situ data of cloud microphysics is essential for targeted studies of cloud processes, validating remote sensing, and both assessing and improving the accuracy of weather and climate models. In this work we adopt a novel technique using a small uncrewed aircraft (SUA) and a bespoke sensor to produce vertical profiles of cloud microphysical parameters. The data are publicly available from https://zenodo.org/records/14756233.
John Backman, Krista Luoma, Henri Servomaa, Ville Vakkari, and David Brus
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-284, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-284, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This work describes the in-situ aerosol measurements at the Arctic Sammaltunturi measurement station in Pallas in northern Finland. This data paper describes the instruments and the data post processing of key aerosol particle measurements that are relevant for cloud properties. Data reported here are part of the Pallas Cloud Experiment in 2022 (PaCE2022).
Sami Daniel Harni, Lasse Johansson, Jarkko Ville Niemi, Ville Silvonen, Juan Andrés Casquero-Vera, Anu Kousa, Krista Luoma, Viet Le, David Brus, Konstantinos Doulgeris, Topi Rönkkö, Hanna Manninen, Tuukka Petäjä, and Hilkka Timonen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1423, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1423, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The 3-month measurement campaign at Espoo, Finland, in spring 2023. The measurement campaign studied the effect of the noise barrier on pollutant concentration gradients on one side of a major highway. The studied pollutants included PM10, PM2.5, lung deposited surface area (LDSA), particle number concentration (PNC), NO2, and black carbon (BC). The noise barrier was found to be effective in reducing, especially the concentration of particulate pollutants.
Fanni Mylläri, Niina Kuittinen, Minna Aurela, Teemu Lepistö, Paavo Heikkilä, Laura Salo, Lassi Markkula, Panu Karjalainen, Joel Kuula, Sami Harni, Katriina Kyllönen, Satu Similä, Katriina Jalkanen, Joakim Autio, Marko Palonen, Jouni Valtatie, Anna Häyrinen, Hilkka Timonen, and Topi Rönkkö
Aerosol Research Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2025-14, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-2025-14, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for AR
Short summary
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This study examined particle emissions from a large-scale biomass heating plant. Efficient flue gas cleaning, especially with bag-house filters, significantly reduced primary emissions. However, the potential for secondary aerosol formation was found to be 100–1000 times higher than primary emissions, highlighting the need for further research to support air quality and climate goals.
Kimmo Teinilä, Sanna Saarikoski, Henna Lintusaari, Teemu Lepistö, Petteri Marjanen, Minna Aurela, Heidi Hellén, Toni Tykkä, Markus Lampimäki, Janne Lampilahti, Luis Barreira, Timo Mäkelä, Leena Kangas, Juha Hatakka, Sami Harni, Joel Kuula, Jarkko V. Niemi, Harri Portin, Jaakko Yli-Ojanperä, Ville Niemelä, Milja Jäppi, Katrianne Lehtipalo, Joonas Vanhanen, Liisa Pirjola, Hanna E. Manninen, Tuukka Petäjä, Topi Rönkkö, and Hilkka Timonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 4907–4928, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4907-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-4907-2025, 2025
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Physical and chemical properties of particulate matter and concentrations of trace gases were measured in a street canyon in Helsinki, Finland, and an urban background site in January–February 2022 to investigate the effect of wintertime conditions on pollutants. State-of-the-art instruments and a mobile laboratory were used, and the measurement data were analysed further with modelling tools like positive matrix factorization and the Pollution Detection Algorithm.
Viet Le, Konstantinos Matthaios Doulgeris, Mika Komppula, John Backman, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Eberhard Bodenschatz, and David Brus
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-148, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-148, 2025
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
This manuscript presents datasets collected during the Pallas Cloud Experiment in northern Finland during the autumn of 2022. We provide an overview of the payload that measured meteorological, cloud, and aerosol properties, and was deployed on tethered balloon systems across 21 flights. Additionally, we describe the datasets obtained, including details of the instruments on the payload.
Juho Karhu, Tommi Mikkonen, Joel Kuula, Aki Virkkula, Erkki Ikonen, Markku Vainio, Hilkka Timonen, and Tuomas Hieta
Aerosol Research, 3, 113–124, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-3-113-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-3-113-2025, 2025
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We present a new photoacoustic instrument for simultaneous measurement of aerosol light absorption at multiple wavelengths. High performance is reached by using an optically read cantilever microphone, which allows for highly sensitive absorption measurements at a compact size. Performance in field conditions is demonstrated with black carbon monitoring at an air quality measurement station, where our results agree well with reference instruments deployed at the site.
Joel Kuula, Juho Karhu, Tommi Mikkonen, Patrick Grahn, Aki Virkkula, Hilkka Timonen, Tuomas Hieta, and Markku Vainio
Aerosol Research, 3, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-3-1-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-3-1-2025, 2025
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We developed a new method to measure how particles absorb light as they change in size, which is critical for understanding their climate impact. Our approach uses a sensitive instrument that measures light absorption directly from particles in real time. By pairing this with a device that sorts particles by size, we achieved accurate size-resolved measurements. Our findings closely match theoretical models, offering a promising tool for future research into how particles influence climate.
Patrick Grahn and Joel Kuula
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1242, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1242, 2024
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A three-dimensional finite-element based method was used to calculate inertial deposition loss of aerosol particles in flow systems. The method was validated by comparing to known results published in literature. Loss in a geometrically complicated aerosol measurement instrument was calculated and compared to measurements. The method pinpoints the physical locations where particles are lost, which is helpful for improving the performance of aerosol instruments.
Viet Le, Hannah Lobo, Ewan J. O'Connor, and Ville Vakkari
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 921–941, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-921-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-921-2024, 2024
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This study offers a long-term overview of aerosol particle depolarization ratio at the wavelength of 1565 nm obtained from vertical profiling measurements by Halo Doppler lidars during 4 years at four different locations across Finland. Our observations support the long-term usage of Halo Doppler lidar depolarization ratio such as the detection of aerosols that may pose a safety risk for aviation. Long-range Saharan dust transport and pollen transport are also showcased here.
Konstantinos Matthaios Doulgeris, Ville Vakkari, Ewan J. O'Connor, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Heikki Lihavainen, and David Brus
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2483–2498, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2483-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2483-2023, 2023
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We investigated how different long-range-transported air masses can affect the microphysical properties of low-level clouds in a clean subarctic environment. A connection was revealed. Higher values of cloud droplet number concentrations were related to continental air masses, whereas the lowest values of number concentrations were related to marine air masses. These were characterized by larger cloud droplets. Clouds in all regions were sensitive to increases in cloud number concentration.
Zoé Brasseur, Dimitri Castarède, Erik S. Thomson, Michael P. Adams, Saskia Drossaart van Dusseldorp, Paavo Heikkilä, Kimmo Korhonen, Janne Lampilahti, Mikhail Paramonov, Julia Schneider, Franziska Vogel, Yusheng Wu, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, Nina S. Atanasova, Dennis H. Bamford, Barbara Bertozzi, Matthew Boyer, David Brus, Martin I. Daily, Romy Fösig, Ellen Gute, Alexander D. Harrison, Paula Hietala, Kristina Höhler, Zamin A. Kanji, Jorma Keskinen, Larissa Lacher, Markus Lampimäki, Janne Levula, Antti Manninen, Jens Nadolny, Maija Peltola, Grace C. E. Porter, Pyry Poutanen, Ulrike Proske, Tobias Schorr, Nsikanabasi Silas Umo, János Stenszky, Annele Virtanen, Dmitri Moisseev, Markku Kulmala, Benjamin J. Murray, Tuukka Petäjä, Ottmar Möhler, and Jonathan Duplissy
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 5117–5145, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5117-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-5117-2022, 2022
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The present measurement report introduces the ice nucleation campaign organized in Hyytiälä, Finland, in 2018 (HyICE-2018). We provide an overview of the campaign settings, and we describe the measurement infrastructure and operating procedures used. In addition, we use results from ice nucleation instrument inter-comparison to show that the suite of these instruments deployed during the campaign reports consistent results.
Joel Kuula, Hilkka Timonen, Jarkko V. Niemi, Hanna E. Manninen, Topi Rönkkö, Tareq Hussein, Pak Lun Fung, Sasu Tarkoma, Mikko Laakso, Erkka Saukko, Aino Ovaska, Markku Kulmala, Ari Karppinen, Lasse Johansson, and Tuukka Petäjä
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 4801–4808, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4801-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4801-2022, 2022
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Modern and up-to-date policies and air quality management strategies are instrumental in tackling global air pollution. As the European Union is preparing to revise Ambient Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC, this paper initiates discussion on selected features of the directive that we believe would benefit from a reassessment. The scientific community has the most recent and deepest understanding of air pollution; thus, its contribution is essential.
Joseph Girdwood, Warren Stanley, Chris Stopford, and David Brus
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2061–2076, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2061-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2061-2022, 2022
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UAVs have great potential to be used for airborne measurements of cloud and aerosol properties, which are of particular importance due to the largely uncharacterised nature of such phenomena. However, since UAVs are a new tool in atmospheric physics expensive platform validation and characterisation of UAV-instrument combinations needs to be performed. This paper presents an evaluation of a fixed-wing UAV in combination with an instrument that measures cloud droplet diameter.
Konstantinos Matthaios Doulgeris, Heikki Lihavainen, Anti-Pekka Hyvärinen, Veli-Matti Kerminen, and David Brus
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 637–649, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-637-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-637-2022, 2022
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We produced and summarized data sets obtained from two cloud ground-based spectrometers (CAPS and FSSP-100 ground setups) during 8 years of Pallas Cloud Experiment campaigns conducted in autumn from 2004 until 2019 along with several meteorological variables. The campaigns took place in the Finnish sub-Arctic region in a clear environment in temperatures that were usually below zero. This data set provides a helpful contribution to cloud microphysics processes.
Pak Lun Fung, Martha A. Zaidan, Jarkko V. Niemi, Erkka Saukko, Hilkka Timonen, Anu Kousa, Joel Kuula, Topi Rönkkö, Ari Karppinen, Sasu Tarkoma, Markku Kulmala, Tuukka Petäjä, and Tareq Hussein
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 1861–1882, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1861-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-1861-2022, 2022
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We developed an input-adaptive mixed-effects model, which was automatised to select the best combination of input variables, including up to three fixed effect variables and three time indictors as random effect variables. We tested the model to estimate lung-deposited surface area (LDSA), which correlates well with human health. The results show the inclusion of time indicators improved the sensitivity and the accuracy of the model so that it could serve as a network of virtual sensors.
David Brus, Jani Gustafsson, Osku Kemppinen, Gijs de Boer, and Anne Hirsikko
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2909–2922, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2909-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2909-2021, 2021
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This publication summarizes measurements collected and datasets generated by the Finnish Meteorological Institute and Kansas State University teams during the LAPSE-RATE campaign that took place in San Luis Valley, Colorado, during summer 2018. We provide an overview of the rotorcraft and offer insights into the payloads that were used. We describe the teams’ scientific goals, flight strategies, and the datasets, including a description of the measurement validation techniques applied.
Sami D. Seppälä, Joel Kuula, Antti-Pekka Hyvärinen, Sanna Saarikoski, Topi Rönkkö, Jorma Keskinen, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, and Hilkka Timonen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3215–3234, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3215-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3215-2021, 2021
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The effects of fuel sulfur content restrictions implemented by the International Maritime Organization in the Baltic Sea (in July 2010 and January 2015) on the particle properties of ship exhaust plumes and ambient aerosol were studied. The restrictions reduced the particle number concentrations and median particle size in plumes and number concentrations in ambient aerosol. These changes may improve human health in coastal areas and decrease the cooling effect of exhaust emissions from ships.
David Brus, Jani Gustafsson, Ville Vakkari, Osku Kemppinen, Gijs de Boer, and Anne Hirsikko
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 517–533, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-517-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-517-2021, 2021
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This paper summarizes Finnish Meteorological Institute and Kansas State University unmanned aerial vehicle measurements during the summer 2018 Lower Atmospheric Process Studies at Elevation – a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment (LAPSE-RATE) campaign in the San Luis Valley, providing an overview of the rotorcraft deployed, payloads, scientific goals and flight strategies and presenting observations of atmospheric thermodynamics and aerosol and gas parameters in the vertical column.
Marta Wenta, David Brus, Konstantinos Doulgeris, Ville Vakkari, and Agnieszka Herman
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 33–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-33-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-33-2021, 2021
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Representations of the atmospheric boundary layer over sea ice are a challenge for numerical weather prediction models. To increase our understanding of the relevant processes, a field campaign was carried out over the sea ice in the Baltic Sea from 27 February to 2 March 2020. Observations included 27 unmanned aerial vehicle flights, four photogrammetry missions, and shore-based automatic weather station and lidar wind measurements. The dataset obtained is used to validate model results.
Gijs de Boer, Adam Houston, Jamey Jacob, Phillip B. Chilson, Suzanne W. Smith, Brian Argrow, Dale Lawrence, Jack Elston, David Brus, Osku Kemppinen, Petra Klein, Julie K. Lundquist, Sean Waugh, Sean C. C. Bailey, Amy Frazier, Michael P. Sama, Christopher Crick, David Schmale III, James Pinto, Elizabeth A. Pillar-Little, Victoria Natalie, and Anders Jensen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3357–3366, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3357-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3357-2020, 2020
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This paper provides an overview of the Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation – a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment (LAPSE-RATE) field campaign, held from 14 to 20 July 2018. This field campaign spanned a 1-week deployment to Colorado's San Luis Valley, involving over 100 students, scientists, engineers, pilots, and outreach coordinators. This overview paper provides insight into the campaign for a special issue focused on the datasets collected during LAPSE-RATE.
Cited articles
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Altstädter, B., Platis, A., Wehner, B., Scholtz, A., Wildmann, N., Hermann, M., Käthner, R., Baars, H., Bange, J., and Lampert, A.: ALADINA – an unmanned research aircraft for observing vertical and horizontal distributions of ultrafine particles within the atmospheric boundary layer, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 1627–1639, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1627-2015, 2015.
Asmi, E., Kivekäs, N., Kerminen, V.-M., Komppula, M., Hyvärinen, A.-P., Hatakka, J., Viisanen, Y., and Lihavainen, H.: Secondary new particle formation in Northern Finland Pallas site between the years 2000 and 2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12959–12972, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12959-2011, 2011.
Backman, J., Luoma, K., Servomaa, H., Vakkari, V., and Brus, D.: In-situ aerosol measurements at the Arctic Sammaltunturi measurement station during the Pallas Cloud Experiment 2022, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-284, in review, 2025.
Barbieri, L., Kral, S. T., Bailey, S. C. C., Frazier, A. E., Jacob, J. D., Reuder, J., Brus, D., Chilson, P. B., Crick, C., Detweiler, C., Doddi, A., Elston, J., Foroutan, H., González-Rocha, J., Greene, B. R., Guzman, M. I., Houston, A. L., Islam, A., Kemppinen, O., Lawrence, D., Pillar-Little, E. A., Ross, S. D., Sama, M. P., Schmale, D. G., Schuyler, T. J., Shankar, A., Smith, S. W., Waugh, S., Dixon, C., Borenstein, S., and de Boer, G.: Intercomparison of Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) Measurements for Atmospheric Science during the LAPSE-RATE Campaign, Sensors, 19, 2179, https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092179, 2019.
Böhmländer, A., Lacher, L., Fösig, R., Büttner, N., Nadolny, J., Brus, D., Doulgeris, K.-M., and Möhler, O.: Measurement of the ice-nucleating particle concentration with the Portable Ice Nucleation Experiment during the Pallas Cloud Experiment 2022, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-89, in review, 2025a.
Böhmländer, A. J., Lacher, L., Höhler, K., Brus, D., Doulgeris, K.-M., Girdwood, J., Leisner, T., and Möhler, O.: Measurement of the ice-nucleating particle concentration using a mobile filter-based sampler on-board of a fixed-wing uncrewed aerial vehicle during the Pallas Cloud Experiment 2022, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-87, in review, 2025b.
Brus, D., Gustafsson, J., Vakkari, V., Kemppinen, O., de Boer, G., and Hirsikko, A.: Measurement report: Properties of aerosol and gases in the vertical profile during the LAPSE-RATE campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 517–533, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-517-2021, 2021.
Brus, D., Le, V., Kuula, J., and Doulgeris, K.: Data collected by a drone backpack for air quality and atmospheric state measurements during Pallas Cloud Experiment 2022 (PaCE2022), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14780929, 2025a.
Brus, D., Le, V., Kuula, J., and Doulgeris, K.: Data collected by a drone backpack for air quality and atmospheric state measurements during Pallas Cloud Experiment 2022 (PaCE2022), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14778421, 2025b.
Brus, D., Doulgeris, K., Bagheri, G., Bodenschatz, E., Chávez-Medina, V., Schlenczek, O., Khodamodari, H., Pohorsky, R., Schmale, J., Lonardi, M., Favre, L., Böhmländer, A., Möhler, O., Lacher, L., Girdwood, J., Gratzl, J., Grothe, H., Kaikkonen, V., Molkoselkä, E., Mäkynen, A., O'Connor, E., Leskinen, N., Tukiainen, S., Le, V., Backman, J., Luoma, K., Servomaa, H., and Asmi E.: Data generated during the Pallas Cloud Experiment 2022 campaign: an introduction and overview, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, in preparation, 2025c.
Coopman, Q., Riedi, J., Finch, D. P., and Garrett, T. J.: Evidence for changes in arctic cloud phase due to long-range pollution transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 10709–10718, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079873, 2018.
Crilley, L. R., Shaw, M., Pound, R., Kramer, L. J., Price, R., Young, S., Lewis, A. C., and Pope, F. D.: Evaluation of a low-cost optical particle counter (Alphasense OPC-N2) for ambient air monitoring, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 709–720, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-709-2018, 2018.
de Boer, G., Diehl, C., Jacob, J., Houston, A., Smith, S. W., Chilson, P., Schmale III, D. G., Intrieri, J., Pinto, J., Elston, J., Brus, D., Kemppinen, O., Clark, A., Lawrence, D., Bailey, S. C. C., Sama, M. P., Frazier, A., Crick, C., Natalie, V., Pillar-Little, E., Klein, P., Waugh, S., Lundquist, J. K., Barbieri, L., Kral, S. T., Jensen, A. A., Dixon, C., Borenstein, S., Hesselius, D., Human, K., Hall, P., Argrow, B., Thornberry, T., Wright, R., and Kelly, J. T.: Development of community, capabilities and understanding through unmanned aircraft-based atmospheric research: The LAPSE-RATE campaign, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 101, E684–E699, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0050.1, 2020.
Doulgeris, K. M., Vakkari, V., O'Connor, E. J., Kerminen, V.-M., Lihavainen, H., and Brus, D.: Influence of air mass origin on microphysical properties of low-level clouds in a subarctic environment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 2483–2498, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2483-2023, 2023.
Girdwood, J., Stanley, W., Stopford, C., and Brus, D.: Simulation and field campaign evaluation of an optical particle counter on a fixed-wing UAV, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2061–2076, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2061-2022, 2022.
Girdwood, J., Brus, D., Doulgeris, K.-M., and Böhmländer, A.: Small Uncrewed Aircraft Based Microphysical Measurements of Polar Stratus Cloud During The Pallas Cloud Experiment 2022, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-257, in review, 2025.
Ghirardelli, M., Kral, S. T., Müller, N. C., Hann, R., Cheynet, E., and Reuder, J.: Flow Structure around a Multicopter Drone: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis for Sensor Placement Considerations, Drones, 7, 467, https://doi.org/10.3390/drones7070467, 2023.
Gratzl, J., Brus, D., Doulgeris, K., Böhmländer, A., Möhler, O., and Grothe, H.: Fluorescent aerosol particles in the Finnish sub-Arctic during the Pallas Cloud Experiment 2022 campaign, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 3975–3985, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-3975-2025, 2025.
Hagan, D. H. and Kroll, J. H.: Assessing the accuracy of low-cost optical particle sensors using a physics-based approach, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 6343–6355, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-6343-2020, 2020.
Chávez-Medina, V., Khodamoradi, H., Schlenczek, O., Nordsiek, F., Brunner, C. E., Bodenschatz, E., and Bagheri, G.: Max Planck WinDarts: High-Resolution Atmospheric Boundary Layer Measurements with the Max Planck CloudKite platform and Ground Weather Station – A Data Overview, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-111, in review, 2025.
Jokinen, T., Lehtipalo, K., Thakur, R. C., Ylivinkka, I., Neitola, K., Sarnela, N., Laitinen, T., Kulmala, M., Petäjä, T., and Sipilä, M.: Measurement report: Long-term measurements of aerosol precursor concentrations in the Finnish subarctic boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2237–2254, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2237-2022, 2022.
Julaha, K., Ždímal, V., Mbengue, S., Brus, D., and Zíková, N.: Drone-based vertical profiling of particulate matter size distribution and carbonaceous aerosols: urban vs. rural environment, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1420, 2025.
Kral, S. T., Reuder, J., Vihma, T., Suomi, I., Haualand, K. F., Urbancic, G. H., Greene, B. R., Steeneveld, G., Lorenz, T., Maronga, B., Jonassen, M. O., Ajosenpää, H., Båserud, L., Chilson, P. B., Holtslag, A. A. M., Jenkins, A. D., Kouznetsov, R., Mayer, S., Pillar-Little, E. A., Rautenberg, A., Schwenkel, J., Seidl, A. W., and Wrenger, B. : The Innovative Strategies for Observations in the Arctic Atmospheric Boundary Layer Project (ISOBAR): Unique Finescale Observations under Stable and Very Stable Conditions, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 102, E218–E243, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0212.1, 2021.
Kyrö, E.-M., Väänänen, R., Kerminen, V.-M., Virkkula, A., Petäjä, T., Asmi, A., Dal Maso, M., Nieminen, T., Juhola, S., Shcherbinin, A., Riipinen, I., Lehtipalo, K., Keronen, P., Aalto, P. P., Hari, P., and Kulmala, M.: Trends in new particle formation in eastern Lapland, Finland: effect of decreasing sulfur emissions from Kola Peninsula, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4383–4396, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-4383-2014, 2014.
Le, V., Doulgeris, K. M., Komppula, M., Backman, J., Bagheri, G., Bodenschatz, E., and Brus, D.: Dataset of airborne measurements of aerosol, cloud droplets and meteorology by tethered balloon during PaCE 2022, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-148, 2025.
Liu, B., Wu, C., Ma, N., Chen, Q., Li, Y., Ye, J., Martin, S. T., and Li, Y. J.: Vertical profiling of fine particulate matter and black carbon by using unmanned aerial vehicle in Macau, China, Sci. Total Environ., 709, 136109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136109, 2020.
Liu, J. and Li, Z.: Aerosol properties and their influences on low warm clouds during the Two-Column Aerosol Project, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 9515–9529, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9515-2019, 2019.
Lohila, A., Penttilä, T., Jortikka, S., Aalto, T., Anttila, P., Asmi, E., Aurela, M., Hatakka, J., Hellén, H., Henttonen, H., Hänninen, P., Kilkki, J., Kyllönen, K., Laurila, T., Lepistö, A., Lihavainen, H., Makkonen, U., Paatero, J., Rask, M., Sutinen, R., Tuovinen, J.-P., Vuorenmaa, J., and Viisanen, Y.: Preface to the special issue on integrated research of atmosphere, ecosystems and environment at Pallas, Boreal Environ. Res., 20, 431–454, 2015.
Morrison, H., van Lier-Walqui, M., Fridlind, A. M., Grabowski, W. W., Harrington, J. Y., Hoose, C., Korolev, A., Kumjian, M. R., Milbrandt, J. A., Pawlowska, H., Posselt, D. J., Prat, O. P., Reimel, K. J., Shima, S.-I., van Diedenhoven, B., and Xueet, L.: Confronting the challenge of modeling cloud and precipitation microphysics, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 12, e2019MS001689, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001689, 2020.
Pasquier, J., David, R., Freitas, G., Gierens, R., Gramlich, Y., Haslett, S., Li, G., Schäfer, B., Siegel, K., Wieder, J., Adachi, K., Belosi, F., Carlsen, T., Decesari, S., Ebell, K., Gilardoni, S., Gysel-Beer, M., Henneberger, J., Inoue, J., Kanji, Z., Koike, M., Kondo, Y., Krejci, R., Lohmann, U., Maturilli, M., Mazzolla, M., Modini, R., Mohr, C., Motos, G., Nenes, A., Nicosia, A., Ohata, S., Paglione, M., Park, S., Pileci, R., Ramelli, F., Rinaldi, M., Ritter, C., Sato, K., Storelvmo, T., Tobo, Y., Traversi, R., Viola, A., and Zieger, P.: The Ny-Ålesund Aerosol Cloud Experiment (NASCENT): Overview and First Results, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 103, E2533–E2558, 2022.
Samad, A., Vogt, U., Panta, A., and Uprety, D.: Vertical distribution of particulate matter, black carbon and ultra-fine particles in Stuttgart, Germany, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 11, 1441–1450, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2020.05.017, 2020.
Schlenczek, O., Nordsiek, F., Brunner, C. E., Chávez-Medina, V., Thiede, B., Bodenschatz, E., and Bagheri, G.: Airborne measurements of turbulence and cloud microphysics during PaCE 2022 using the Advanced Max Planck CloudKite Instrument (MPCK+), Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-112, in review, 2025.
Schmale, J., Sharma, S., Decesari, S., Pernov, J., Massling, A., Hansson, H.-C., von Salzen, K., Skov, H., Andrews, E., Quinn, P. K., Upchurch, L. M., Eleftheriadis, K., Traversi, R., Gilardoni, S., Mazzola, M., Laing, J., and Hopke, P.: Pan-Arctic seasonal cycles and long-term trends of aerosol properties from 10 observatories, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 3067–3096, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3067-2022, 2022.
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Short summary
This paper provides datasets collected as part of the Pallas Cloud Experiment campaign in northern Finland during autumn of 2022. We provide an overview of a custom-built drone backpack for air quality and atmospheric state variable measurements carried on top of a consumer-grade drone (DJI Mavic 2 Pro). Moreover, we describe the flight strategies and provide an overview of the datasets obtained, including a description of the measurements against a reference for data validation.
This paper provides datasets collected as part of the Pallas Cloud Experiment campaign in...
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