Articles | Volume 17, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1873-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1873-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
09 May 2025
Data description paper |
| 09 May 2025
| 09 May 2025
Global Methane Budget 2000–2020
Marielle Saunois
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE-IPSL (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Adrien Martinez
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE-IPSL (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Benjamin Poulter
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Science Laboratory, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
Zhen Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resource (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Peter A. Raymond
Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
Pierre Regnier
Department Geoscience, Environment & Society (BGEOSYS), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Josep G. Canadell
Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Environment, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
Robert B. Jackson
Department of Earth System Science, Woods Institute for the Environment, and Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2210, USA
Prabir K. Patra
Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa, Yokohama, 236-0001, Japan
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto 6038047, Japan
Philippe Bousquet
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE-IPSL (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Philippe Ciais
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE-IPSL (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Edward J. Dlugokencky
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Monitoring Laboratory (NOAA/GML), 325 Broadway R/GML, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Monitoring Laboratory (NOAA/GML), 325 Broadway R/GML, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
George H. Allen
Department of Geosciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
David Bastviken
Department of Thematic Studies – Environmental Change, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
David J. Beerling
School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
Dmitry A. Belikov
Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
Donald R. Blake
Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, 570 Rowland Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
Simona Castaldi
Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
Monica Crippa
European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
Bridget R. Deemer
U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
Fraser Dennison
CSIRO Environment, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia
Giuseppe Etiope
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Roma 2, via V. Murata 605, 00143 Rome, Italy
Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Nicola Gedney
Met Office Hadley Centre, Joint Centre for Hydrometeorological Research, Maclean Building, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
Lena Höglund-Isaksson
Pollution Management Group (PM), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
Meredith A. Holgerson
Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Peter O. Hopcroft
School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Gustaf Hugelius
Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
Akihiko Ito
Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Atul K. Jain
Department of Climate, Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (CLiMAS), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Rajesh Janardanan
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
Matthew S. Johnson
Earth Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
Thomas Kleinen
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstraße 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Paul B. Krummel
CSIRO Environment, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia
Ronny Lauerwald
Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, Palaiseau, France
Tingting Li
LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029 Beijing, China
Xiangyu Liu
Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Kyle C. McDonald
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, City College of New York, City University of New York, NY, USA
Joe R. Melton
Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
Jens Mühle
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
Jurek Müller
Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstr. 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
Fabiola Murguia-Flores
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecología y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
Yosuke Niwa
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
Department of Climate and Geochemistry Research, Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Nagamine 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, Japan
Sergio Noce
CMCC Foundation – Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Via Igino Garbini, 51, 01100 Viterbo VT, Italy
Shufen Pan
Department of Engineering and Environmental Studies Program, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
Robert J. Parker
National Centre for Earth Observation, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
Changhui Peng
Department of Biology Sciences, Institute of Environment Science, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, China
Michel Ramonet
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE-IPSL (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
William J. Riley
Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Gerard Rocher-Ros
Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
Judith A. Rosentreter
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
Motoki Sasakawa
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
Arjo Segers
TNO, Department of Climate Air & Sustainability, P.O. Box 80015, NL-3508-TA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Steven J. Smith
Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Lab, College Park, MD, USA
Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Emily H. Stanley
Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
Joël Thanwerdas
Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
formerly at: Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE-IPSL (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Hanqin Tian
Center for Earth System Science and Global Sustainability, Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
Aki Tsuruta
Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101, Helsinki, Finland
Francesco N. Tubiello
Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy
Thomas S. Weber
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
Guido R. van der Werf
Meteorology and Air Quality Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Douglas E. J. Worthy
Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905, Dufferin Street, Toronto, Canada
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE-IPSL (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Yukio Yoshida
Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
Wenxin Zhang
School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055 Shenzhen, China
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, 100084 Beijing, China
Qing Zhu
Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Qiuan Zhu
College of Geography and Remote Sensing, Hohai University, 210098 Nanjing, China
Qianlai Zhuang
Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Cited
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- Future CH4 as modelled by a fully coupled Earth system model: prescribed GHG concentrations vs. interactive CH4 sources and sinks U. Im et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/adb3c0
- In search of better models for explaining atmospheric methane accumulation P. Ederer & T. Iliushyk 10.1093/af/vfaf001
- Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes correlation according to automatic chamber observations at the Mukhrino bog ridge and hollow complex E. Dyukarev et al. 10.18822/edgcc636456
- Global Methane Retrieval, Monitoring, and Quantification in Hotspot Regions Based on AHSI/ZY-1 Satellite T. Lu et al. 10.3390/atmos16050510
- Recent methane surges reveal heightened emissions from tropical inundated areas X. Lin et al. 10.1038/s41467-024-55266-y
- Surface temperature and ozone responses to the 2030 Global Methane Pledge E. Predybaylo et al. 10.1007/s10584-025-03908-5
- Assessing alternative methane emission metrics conducive to quantifying global warming and setting near-term climate goals J. Miller et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/adca46
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- Methane emissions from Australia estimated by inverse analysis using in-situ and Satellite (GOSAT) atmospheric observations F. Wang et al. 10.1080/15481603.2025.2488595
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- Unraveling the depth-dependent causal dynamics of methanogenesis and methanotrophy in a high-latitude fen peatland S. Yang et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/adaf44
- Temporal methane dynamics in the surface waters of a stratified eutrophic lake over four years C. Ordóñez et al. 10.1002/lno.70020
- New Information on Subsea Frozen Ground in the Laptev and East Siberian Seas Based on Seismic Data V. Bogoyavlensky et al. 10.1134/S1028334X24605583
- Emissions of methane from coal fields, thermal power plants, and wetlands and their implications for atmospheric methane across the south Asian region M. Dangeti et al. 10.5194/acp-24-12843-2024
- Soil CO2 and CH4 response to experimental warming under various tree species compositions in a temperate harwood forest S. Laberge et al. 10.1007/s44378-025-00045-4
26 citations as recorded by crossref.
- First drone registration of underwater methane seeps in Bulgaria P. Petsinski et al. 10.52215/rev.bgs.2024.85.3.297
- Global greenhouse gas reconciliation 2022 Z. Deng et al. 10.5194/essd-17-1121-2025
- Future CH4 as modelled by a fully coupled Earth system model: prescribed GHG concentrations vs. interactive CH4 sources and sinks U. Im et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/adb3c0
- In search of better models for explaining atmospheric methane accumulation P. Ederer & T. Iliushyk 10.1093/af/vfaf001
- Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes correlation according to automatic chamber observations at the Mukhrino bog ridge and hollow complex E. Dyukarev et al. 10.18822/edgcc636456
- Global Methane Retrieval, Monitoring, and Quantification in Hotspot Regions Based on AHSI/ZY-1 Satellite T. Lu et al. 10.3390/atmos16050510
- Recent methane surges reveal heightened emissions from tropical inundated areas X. Lin et al. 10.1038/s41467-024-55266-y
- Surface temperature and ozone responses to the 2030 Global Methane Pledge E. Predybaylo et al. 10.1007/s10584-025-03908-5
- Assessing alternative methane emission metrics conducive to quantifying global warming and setting near-term climate goals J. Miller et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/adca46
- Methane and nitrous oxide budget for Chinese natural terrestrial ecosystems T. Li et al. 10.1093/nsr/nwaf094
- Structural and Mechanistic Advances in the Chemistry of Methyl-Coenzyme M Reductase (MCR) B. Ginovska et al. 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00730
- Methane emissions from Australia estimated by inverse analysis using in-situ and Satellite (GOSAT) atmospheric observations F. Wang et al. 10.1080/15481603.2025.2488595
- Sources and Variability of Greenhouse Gases over Greece A. Bougiatioti et al. 10.3390/atmos15111288
- Towards the Optimization of TanSat-2: Assessment of a Large-Swath Methane Measurement S. Zhu et al. 10.3390/rs17030543
- Recent stabilization of agricultural non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in China Y. Gao et al. 10.1093/nsr/nwaf040
- Satellite quantification of methane emissions from South American countries: a high-resolution inversion of TROPOMI and GOSAT observations S. Hancock et al. 10.5194/acp-25-797-2025
- Human activities now fuel two-thirds of global methane emissions R. Jackson et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad6463
- Global peatland greenhouse gas dynamics: state of the art, processes, and perspectives Ü. Mander et al. 10.1111/nph.20436
- Partitioning anthropogenic and natural methane emissions in Finland during 2000–2021 by combining bottom-up and top-down estimates M. Tenkanen et al. 10.5194/acp-25-2181-2025
- Detecting methane emissions from palm oil mills with airborne and spaceborne imaging spectrometers A. Valverde et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad8806
- A critical eutrophication–climate change link M. Scholz et al. 10.1038/s41893-024-01507-3
- Unraveling the depth-dependent causal dynamics of methanogenesis and methanotrophy in a high-latitude fen peatland S. Yang et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/adaf44
- Temporal methane dynamics in the surface waters of a stratified eutrophic lake over four years C. Ordóñez et al. 10.1002/lno.70020
- New Information on Subsea Frozen Ground in the Laptev and East Siberian Seas Based on Seismic Data V. Bogoyavlensky et al. 10.1134/S1028334X24605583
- Emissions of methane from coal fields, thermal power plants, and wetlands and their implications for atmospheric methane across the south Asian region M. Dangeti et al. 10.5194/acp-24-12843-2024
- Soil CO2 and CH4 response to experimental warming under various tree species compositions in a temperate harwood forest S. Laberge et al. 10.1007/s44378-025-00045-4
Latest update: 09 May 2025
Short summary
Methane (CH4) is the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate forcing after carbon dioxide (CO2). A consortium of multi-disciplinary scientists synthesise and update the budget of the sources and sinks of CH4. This edition benefits from important progress in estimating emissions from lakes and ponds, reservoirs, and streams and rivers. For the 2010s decade, global CH4 emissions are estimated at 575 Tg CH4 yr-1, including ~65 % from anthropogenic sources.
Methane (CH4) is the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate...
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