Articles | Volume 16, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5111-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5111-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description article
| 
06 Nov 2024
Data description article |
| 06 Nov 2024
| 06 Nov 2024
Global mapping of oil palm planting year from 1990 to 2021
CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Spain
David L. A. Gaveau
TheTreeMap, Bagadou Bas, Martel 46600, France
visiting scientist at: Jeffrey Sachs Center on Sustainable Development, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
Serge Wich
School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
Zoltan Szantoi
Climate Action, Sustainability and Science Department, European Space Agency, Frascati 00044, Italy
Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
Erik Meijaard
Borneo Futures, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
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Total article views: 6,586 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
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Total article views: 4,992 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
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Cited
21 citations as recorded by crossref.
- GFC2020: a global map of forest land use for year 2020 to support the EU Deforestation Regulation C. Bourgoin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-1331-2026
- Extensive unreported non-plantation oil palm in Africa A. Descals et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2976-601X/adff89
- A meta-review of remote sensing for rubber plantations Z. Yue & C. Xiao https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2025.104625
- Pyrolysis Characteristics of Empty Fruit Bunches at Different Temperatures and Heating Rates H. Ko et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061404
- Geospatial data and workflows for environmental and sustainability compliance reporting: including the private sector T. Blaschke et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/20964471.2026.2618893
- Americas, new world for a more sustainable palm oil L. Feintrenie et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2025009
- Impacts of oil palm plantations expansion on the distribution of terrestrial mammals in South-East Asia M. Pacifici & A. Cristiano https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-025-03205-8
- Natural forests of the world – a 2020 baseline for deforestation and degradation monitoring M. Neumann et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-06097-z
- A comparative life cycle assessment of palm oil—Differentiated by RSPO certified and non-certified, regionally, temporally, and by grower type J. Schmidt & I. Weidema https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2026.01.016
- Les Amériques, nouveau monde pour une huile de palme plus durable L. Feintrenie et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2025008
- Using Sentinel-1 satellite imagery to quantify oil palm cultivation: A case study from Cameroon C. Chalmers et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0337475
- Is Burundi losing the last remnants of its forests? A high-resolution spatial analysis for the identification of areas at deforestation hazard F. Piras et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2026.101243
- GLC_FCS10: a global 10 m land-cover dataset with a fine classification system from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 time-series data in Google Earth Engine X. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4039-2025
- Single Oil Palm Tree Detection and Its Potential Expansion in Honduras H. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2025.3562257
- RPI-GMM: A novel structure-based and phenology-independent algorithm for mapping latest 10-m resolution national-level rubber plantations C. Xiao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2026.115241
- A novel approach for precise oil palm mapping in Southeast Asia by integrating Sentinel-1/2 time-series data S. Liao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.123512
- Remote sensing for crop mapping: A perspective on current and future crop-specific land cover data products C. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2025.114995
- Mapping of Chinese fir plantations and stand age distribution in China with time series data Y. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2026.04.031
- Land-use transformation and conflict: The effects of oil palm expansion in Indonesia T. Hellmundt et al. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4728074
- Global mapping of oil palm planting year from 1990 to 2021 A. Descals et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5111-2024
- Contrasting impacts of gold mining and oil palm expansion on ecosystem functioning in the Peruvian Amazon H. Castillo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2026.102098
21 citations as recorded by crossref.
- GFC2020: a global map of forest land use for year 2020 to support the EU Deforestation Regulation C. Bourgoin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-1331-2026
- Extensive unreported non-plantation oil palm in Africa A. Descals et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2976-601X/adff89
- A meta-review of remote sensing for rubber plantations Z. Yue & C. Xiao https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2025.104625
- Pyrolysis Characteristics of Empty Fruit Bunches at Different Temperatures and Heating Rates H. Ko et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061404
- Geospatial data and workflows for environmental and sustainability compliance reporting: including the private sector T. Blaschke et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/20964471.2026.2618893
- Americas, new world for a more sustainable palm oil L. Feintrenie et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2025009
- Impacts of oil palm plantations expansion on the distribution of terrestrial mammals in South-East Asia M. Pacifici & A. Cristiano https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-025-03205-8
- Natural forests of the world – a 2020 baseline for deforestation and degradation monitoring M. Neumann et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-06097-z
- A comparative life cycle assessment of palm oil—Differentiated by RSPO certified and non-certified, regionally, temporally, and by grower type J. Schmidt & I. Weidema https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2026.01.016
- Les Amériques, nouveau monde pour une huile de palme plus durable L. Feintrenie et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2025008
- Using Sentinel-1 satellite imagery to quantify oil palm cultivation: A case study from Cameroon C. Chalmers et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0337475
- Is Burundi losing the last remnants of its forests? A high-resolution spatial analysis for the identification of areas at deforestation hazard F. Piras et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2026.101243
- GLC_FCS10: a global 10 m land-cover dataset with a fine classification system from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 time-series data in Google Earth Engine X. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4039-2025
- Single Oil Palm Tree Detection and Its Potential Expansion in Honduras H. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2025.3562257
- RPI-GMM: A novel structure-based and phenology-independent algorithm for mapping latest 10-m resolution national-level rubber plantations C. Xiao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2026.115241
- A novel approach for precise oil palm mapping in Southeast Asia by integrating Sentinel-1/2 time-series data S. Liao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.123512
- Remote sensing for crop mapping: A perspective on current and future crop-specific land cover data products C. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2025.114995
- Mapping of Chinese fir plantations and stand age distribution in China with time series data Y. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2026.04.031
- Land-use transformation and conflict: The effects of oil palm expansion in Indonesia T. Hellmundt et al. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4728074
- Global mapping of oil palm planting year from 1990 to 2021 A. Descals et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5111-2024
- Contrasting impacts of gold mining and oil palm expansion on ecosystem functioning in the Peruvian Amazon H. Castillo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2026.102098
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 17 Jun 2026
Short summary
This study provides a 10 m global oil palm extent layer for 2021 and a 30 m oil palm planting-year layer from 1990 to 2021. The oil palm extent layer was produced using a convolutional neural network that identified industrial and smallholder plantations using Sentinel-1 data. The oil palm planting year was developed using a methodology specifically designed to detect the early stages of oil palm development in the Landsat time series.
This study provides a 10 m global oil palm extent layer for 2021 and a 30 m oil palm...
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