Articles | Volume 16, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5111-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5111-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description article
| 
06 Nov 2024
Data description article |
| 06 Nov 2024
| 06 Nov 2024
Global mapping of oil palm planting year from 1990 to 2021
CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Spain
David L. A. Gaveau
TheTreeMap, Bagadou Bas, Martel 46600, France
visiting scientist at: Jeffrey Sachs Center on Sustainable Development, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
Serge Wich
School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
Zoltan Szantoi
Climate Action, Sustainability and Science Department, European Space Agency, Frascati 00044, Italy
Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
Erik Meijaard
Borneo Futures, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam
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Cited
27 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Oil crop supply chains drive rising global biodiversity loss and outsource impacts to the tropics S. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-026-01375-4
- GFC2020: a global map of forest land use for year 2020 to support the EU Deforestation Regulation C. Bourgoin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-1331-2026
- Extensive unreported non-plantation oil palm in Africa A. Descals et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2976-601X/adff89
- A meta-review of remote sensing for rubber plantations Z. Yue & C. Xiao https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2025.104625
- Geospatial data and workflows for environmental and sustainability compliance reporting: including the private sector T. Blaschke et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/20964471.2026.2618893
- Americas, new world for a more sustainable palm oil L. Feintrenie et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2025009
- The disruptive potential of biorefineries on landscape and social inequality: The role of Brazil in the post-fossil carbon era L. de Abreu & G. Pereira https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2026.117281
- Les Amériques, nouveau monde pour une huile de palme plus durable L. Feintrenie et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2025008
- Using Sentinel-1 satellite imagery to quantify oil palm cultivation: A case study from Cameroon C. Chalmers et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0337475
- Is Burundi losing the last remnants of its forests? A high-resolution spatial analysis for the identification of areas at deforestation hazard F. Piras et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2026.101243
- Toward 10 m Regional-Scale Time-Series Oil Palm Mapping in Malaysia and Indonesia (2020–2024) Using Sentinel-2 and Noise-Robust Deep Learning from Low-Resolution Historical Maps N. Kuapanich et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/f17070823
- RPI-GMM: A novel structure-based and phenology-independent algorithm for mapping latest 10-m resolution national-level rubber plantations C. Xiao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2026.115241
- Remote sensing for crop mapping: A perspective on current and future crop-specific land cover data products C. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2025.114995
- Global mapping of oil palm planting year from 1990 to 2021 A. Descals et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5111-2024
- A comparative synthesis of environmental sustainability in smallholder oil palm systems in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa N. Cowan et al. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2026-0039
- Pyrolysis Characteristics of Empty Fruit Bunches at Different Temperatures and Heating Rates H. Ko et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061404
- Impacts of oil palm plantations expansion on the distribution of terrestrial mammals in South-East Asia M. Pacifici & A. Cristiano https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-025-03205-8
- Natural forests of the world – a 2020 baseline for deforestation and degradation monitoring M. Neumann et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-06097-z
- A comparative life cycle assessment of palm oil—Differentiated by RSPO certified and non-certified, regionally, temporally, and by grower type J. Schmidt & I. Weidema https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2026.01.016
- GLC_FCS10: a global 10 m land-cover dataset with a fine classification system from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 time-series data in Google Earth Engine X. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4039-2025
- Single Oil Palm Tree Detection and Its Potential Expansion in Honduras H. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2025.3562257
- A novel approach for precise oil palm mapping in Southeast Asia by integrating Sentinel-1/2 time-series data S. Liao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.123512
- Mapping of Chinese fir plantations and stand age distribution in China with time series data Y. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2026.04.031
- Land-use transformation and conflict: The effects of oil palm expansion in Indonesia T. Hellmundt et al. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4728074
- Contrasting impacts of gold mining and oil palm expansion on ecosystem functioning in the Peruvian Amazon H. Castillo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2026.102098
- Improving the Governance of Oil Palm Companies in Papua through License Review B. Asmara et al. https://doi.org/10.46830/wripn.24.00061
- https://innspub.net/basal-stem-rot-of-oil-palm-in-africa-emerging-epidemiology-pathogen-diversity-and-future-management-challenges/ . Emmanuel Fumbuka Mabula*, Agatha Aloyce https://doi.org/10.12692/ijb/28.6.13-26
27 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Oil crop supply chains drive rising global biodiversity loss and outsource impacts to the tropics S. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-026-01375-4
- GFC2020: a global map of forest land use for year 2020 to support the EU Deforestation Regulation C. Bourgoin et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-1331-2026
- Extensive unreported non-plantation oil palm in Africa A. Descals et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2976-601X/adff89
- A meta-review of remote sensing for rubber plantations Z. Yue & C. Xiao https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2025.104625
- Geospatial data and workflows for environmental and sustainability compliance reporting: including the private sector T. Blaschke et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/20964471.2026.2618893
- Americas, new world for a more sustainable palm oil L. Feintrenie et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2025009
- The disruptive potential of biorefineries on landscape and social inequality: The role of Brazil in the post-fossil carbon era L. de Abreu & G. Pereira https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2026.117281
- Les Amériques, nouveau monde pour une huile de palme plus durable L. Feintrenie et al. https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2025008
- Using Sentinel-1 satellite imagery to quantify oil palm cultivation: A case study from Cameroon C. Chalmers et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0337475
- Is Burundi losing the last remnants of its forests? A high-resolution spatial analysis for the identification of areas at deforestation hazard F. Piras et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2026.101243
- Toward 10 m Regional-Scale Time-Series Oil Palm Mapping in Malaysia and Indonesia (2020–2024) Using Sentinel-2 and Noise-Robust Deep Learning from Low-Resolution Historical Maps N. Kuapanich et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/f17070823
- RPI-GMM: A novel structure-based and phenology-independent algorithm for mapping latest 10-m resolution national-level rubber plantations C. Xiao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2026.115241
- Remote sensing for crop mapping: A perspective on current and future crop-specific land cover data products C. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2025.114995
- Global mapping of oil palm planting year from 1990 to 2021 A. Descals et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5111-2024
- A comparative synthesis of environmental sustainability in smallholder oil palm systems in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa N. Cowan et al. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2026-0039
- Pyrolysis Characteristics of Empty Fruit Bunches at Different Temperatures and Heating Rates H. Ko et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061404
- Impacts of oil palm plantations expansion on the distribution of terrestrial mammals in South-East Asia M. Pacifici & A. Cristiano https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-025-03205-8
- Natural forests of the world – a 2020 baseline for deforestation and degradation monitoring M. Neumann et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-06097-z
- A comparative life cycle assessment of palm oil—Differentiated by RSPO certified and non-certified, regionally, temporally, and by grower type J. Schmidt & I. Weidema https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2026.01.016
- GLC_FCS10: a global 10 m land-cover dataset with a fine classification system from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 time-series data in Google Earth Engine X. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-4039-2025
- Single Oil Palm Tree Detection and Its Potential Expansion in Honduras H. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2025.3562257
- A novel approach for precise oil palm mapping in Southeast Asia by integrating Sentinel-1/2 time-series data S. Liao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2026.123512
- Mapping of Chinese fir plantations and stand age distribution in China with time series data Y. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2026.04.031
- Land-use transformation and conflict: The effects of oil palm expansion in Indonesia T. Hellmundt et al. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4728074
- Contrasting impacts of gold mining and oil palm expansion on ecosystem functioning in the Peruvian Amazon H. Castillo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2026.102098
- Improving the Governance of Oil Palm Companies in Papua through License Review B. Asmara et al. https://doi.org/10.46830/wripn.24.00061
- https://innspub.net/basal-stem-rot-of-oil-palm-in-africa-emerging-epidemiology-pathogen-diversity-and-future-management-challenges/ . Emmanuel Fumbuka Mabula*, Agatha Aloyce https://doi.org/10.12692/ijb/28.6.13-26
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Latest update: 02 Aug 2026
Short summary
This study provides a 10 m global oil palm extent layer for 2021 and a 30 m oil palm planting-year layer from 1990 to 2021. The oil palm extent layer was produced using a convolutional neural network that identified industrial and smallholder plantations using Sentinel-1 data. The oil palm planting year was developed using a methodology specifically designed to detect the early stages of oil palm development in the Landsat time series.
This study provides a 10 m global oil palm extent layer for 2021 and a 30 m oil palm...
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