Articles | Volume 16, issue 4 
            
                
                    
            
            
            https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2123-2024
                    © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2123-2024
                    © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Updated climatological mean ΔfCO2 and net sea–air CO2 flux over the global open ocean regions
                                            Columbia University and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, USA
                                        
                                    David R. Munro
                                            Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES),  University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
                                        
                                    
                                            Global Monitoring Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
                                        
                                    Galen A. McKinley
                                            Columbia University and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, USA
                                        
                                    Denis Pierrot
                                            Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, USA
                                        
                                    Stewart C. Sutherland
                                            Columbia University and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, USA
                                        
                                    Colm Sweeney
                                            Global Monitoring Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
                                        
                                    Rik Wanninkhof
                                            Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, USA
                                        
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                            Cumulative views and downloads 
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                            Cited
10 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Perspectives and challenges of marine carbon dioxide removal A. Oschlies et al. 10.3389/fclim.2024.1506181
 - Targeting bias in algorithm optimization improves reconstructions of surface ocean pCO2 T. Heimdal et al. 10.1088/3049-4753/adddc3
 - Atmospheric and ocean CO2 measurements in the South Indian Ocean made by two uncrewed surface vehicles in 2022 and 2023 D. Chambers et al. 10.5194/essd-17-5641-2025
 - Anthropogenic CO2, air–sea CO2 fluxes, and acidification in the Southern Ocean: results from a time-series analysis at station OISO-KERFIX (51° S–68° E) N. Metzl et al. 10.5194/os-20-725-2024
 - Regionally distinct drivers of the carbonate system dynamics in the Drake Passage and northern Antarctic Peninsula L. Arbilla et al. 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104070
 - Linking surface pCO2 variability to physical processes along a continental shelf–ocean transect in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean during austral autumn and winter C. Albuquerque et al. 10.3389/fmars.2025.1623344
 - Contrasting trends of the ocean CO2 sink and pH in the agulhas current system and the Mozambique basin, south-western Indian ocean (1963–2023) N. Metzl et al. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2025.105459
 - The ICOS OTC pCO2 instrument intercomparison T. Steinhoff et al. 10.1002/lom3.10727
 - Seasonality of pCO2 and air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Central Labrador Sea R. Arruda et al. 10.3389/fmars.2024.1472697
 - Temperature effect on seawater fCO2 revisited: theoretical basis, uncertainty analysis and implications for parameterising carbonic acid equilibrium constants M. Humphreys 10.5194/os-20-1325-2024
 
10 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Perspectives and challenges of marine carbon dioxide removal A. Oschlies et al. 10.3389/fclim.2024.1506181
 - Targeting bias in algorithm optimization improves reconstructions of surface ocean pCO2 T. Heimdal et al. 10.1088/3049-4753/adddc3
 - Atmospheric and ocean CO2 measurements in the South Indian Ocean made by two uncrewed surface vehicles in 2022 and 2023 D. Chambers et al. 10.5194/essd-17-5641-2025
 - Anthropogenic CO2, air–sea CO2 fluxes, and acidification in the Southern Ocean: results from a time-series analysis at station OISO-KERFIX (51° S–68° E) N. Metzl et al. 10.5194/os-20-725-2024
 - Regionally distinct drivers of the carbonate system dynamics in the Drake Passage and northern Antarctic Peninsula L. Arbilla et al. 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104070
 - Linking surface pCO2 variability to physical processes along a continental shelf–ocean transect in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean during austral autumn and winter C. Albuquerque et al. 10.3389/fmars.2025.1623344
 - Contrasting trends of the ocean CO2 sink and pH in the agulhas current system and the Mozambique basin, south-western Indian ocean (1963–2023) N. Metzl et al. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2025.105459
 - The ICOS OTC pCO2 instrument intercomparison T. Steinhoff et al. 10.1002/lom3.10727
 - Seasonality of pCO2 and air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Central Labrador Sea R. Arruda et al. 10.3389/fmars.2024.1472697
 - Temperature effect on seawater fCO2 revisited: theoretical basis, uncertainty analysis and implications for parameterising carbonic acid equilibrium constants M. Humphreys 10.5194/os-20-1325-2024
 
Latest update: 03 Nov 2025
Short summary
                    Presented here is a near-global monthly climatological estimate of the difference between atmosphere and ocean carbon dioxide concentrations. The ocean's ability to take up carbon, both now and in the future, is defined by this difference in concentrations. With over 30 million measurements of surface ocean carbon over the last 40 years and utilization of an extrapolation technique, a mean estimate of surface ocean ΔfCO2 is presented.
                    Presented here is a near-global monthly climatological estimate of the difference between...
                    
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