Articles | Volume 16, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2123-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2123-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description article
| 
02 May 2024
Data description article |
| 02 May 2024
| 02 May 2024
Updated climatological mean ΔfCO2 and net sea–air CO2 flux over the global open ocean regions
Columbia University and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, USA
David R. Munro
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
Global Monitoring Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
Galen A. McKinley
Columbia University and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, USA
Denis Pierrot
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, USA
Stewart C. Sutherland
Columbia University and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, USA
Colm Sweeney
Global Monitoring Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
Rik Wanninkhof
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, USA
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Cited
19 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Collapse of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation would lead to substantial oceanic carbon release and additional global warming D. Nian et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03427-w
- Atmospheric and ocean CO2 measurements in the South Indian Ocean made by two uncrewed surface vehicles in 2022 and 2023 D. Chambers et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5641-2025
- Anthropogenic CO2, air–sea CO2 fluxes, and acidification in the Southern Ocean: results from a time-series analysis at station OISO-KERFIX (51° S–68° E) N. Metzl et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-725-2024
- Evaluation of Air–Sea Flux Products Based on Observations in the Northern South China Sea H. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122358
- IPSL-Perm-LandN: improving the IPSL Earth System Model to represent permafrost carbon-nitrogen interactions R. Gaillard et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-661-2026
- Linking surface pCO2 variability to physical processes along a continental shelf–ocean transect in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean during austral autumn and winter C. Albuquerque et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1623344
- Contrasting trends of the ocean CO2 sink and pH in the agulhas current system and the Mozambique basin, south-western Indian ocean (1963–2023) N. Metzl et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2025.105459
- Quantitative Assessment of Satellite-Observed Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations over Oceanic Regions X. He et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17244026
- New observations confirm the progressive acidification in the Mozambique Channel N. Metzl et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-7187-2025
- Temperature effect on seawater fCO2 revisited: theoretical basis, uncertainty analysis and implications for parameterising carbonic acid equilibrium constants M. Humphreys https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1325-2024
- Characteristics and potential formation mechanisms of dissolved organic matter at the water-sediment interface and assessment of its release potential in the eastern pacific polymetallic nodule area Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2026.126179
- Perspectives and challenges of marine carbon dioxide removal A. Oschlies et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2024.1506181
- Targeting bias in algorithm optimization improves reconstructions of surface ocean pCO2 T. Heimdal et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/3049-4753/adddc3
- Regionally distinct drivers of the carbonate system dynamics in the Drake Passage and northern Antarctic Peninsula L. Arbilla et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104070
- The ICOS OTC pCO2 instrument intercomparison T. Steinhoff et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10727
- How well do global ocean approaches constrain local fCO2? G. McKinley et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae803e
- Synthesis of data products for ocean carbonate chemistry L. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-1405-2026
- Seasonality of pCO2 and air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Central Labrador Sea R. Arruda et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1472697
- Satellite estimation of global air sea CO2 flux from 2000 to 2020 Y. Ji et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-51215-5
19 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Collapse of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation would lead to substantial oceanic carbon release and additional global warming D. Nian et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03427-w
- Atmospheric and ocean CO2 measurements in the South Indian Ocean made by two uncrewed surface vehicles in 2022 and 2023 D. Chambers et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-5641-2025
- Anthropogenic CO2, air–sea CO2 fluxes, and acidification in the Southern Ocean: results from a time-series analysis at station OISO-KERFIX (51° S–68° E) N. Metzl et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-725-2024
- Evaluation of Air–Sea Flux Products Based on Observations in the Northern South China Sea H. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122358
- IPSL-Perm-LandN: improving the IPSL Earth System Model to represent permafrost carbon-nitrogen interactions R. Gaillard et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-661-2026
- Linking surface pCO2 variability to physical processes along a continental shelf–ocean transect in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean during austral autumn and winter C. Albuquerque et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1623344
- Contrasting trends of the ocean CO2 sink and pH in the agulhas current system and the Mozambique basin, south-western Indian ocean (1963–2023) N. Metzl et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2025.105459
- Quantitative Assessment of Satellite-Observed Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations over Oceanic Regions X. He et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17244026
- New observations confirm the progressive acidification in the Mozambique Channel N. Metzl et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-7187-2025
- Temperature effect on seawater fCO2 revisited: theoretical basis, uncertainty analysis and implications for parameterising carbonic acid equilibrium constants M. Humphreys https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1325-2024
- Characteristics and potential formation mechanisms of dissolved organic matter at the water-sediment interface and assessment of its release potential in the eastern pacific polymetallic nodule area Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2026.126179
- Perspectives and challenges of marine carbon dioxide removal A. Oschlies et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2024.1506181
- Targeting bias in algorithm optimization improves reconstructions of surface ocean pCO2 T. Heimdal et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/3049-4753/adddc3
- Regionally distinct drivers of the carbonate system dynamics in the Drake Passage and northern Antarctic Peninsula L. Arbilla et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104070
- The ICOS OTC pCO2 instrument intercomparison T. Steinhoff et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10727
- How well do global ocean approaches constrain local fCO2? G. McKinley et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae803e
- Synthesis of data products for ocean carbonate chemistry L. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-1405-2026
- Seasonality of pCO2 and air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Central Labrador Sea R. Arruda et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1472697
- Satellite estimation of global air sea CO2 flux from 2000 to 2020 Y. Ji et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-51215-5
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 14 Jul 2026
Short summary
Presented here is a near-global monthly climatological estimate of the difference between atmosphere and ocean carbon dioxide concentrations. The ocean's ability to take up carbon, both now and in the future, is defined by this difference in concentrations. With over 30 million measurements of surface ocean carbon over the last 40 years and utilization of an extrapolation technique, a mean estimate of surface ocean ΔfCO2 is presented.
Presented here is a near-global monthly climatological estimate of the difference between...
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