Articles | Volume 15, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4631-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4631-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description article
| 
19 Oct 2023
Data description article |
| 19 Oct 2023
| 19 Oct 2023
LCM2021 – the UK Land Cover Map 2021
Christopher G. Marston
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
Aneurin W. O'Neil
UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
R. Daniel Morton
UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
Claire M. Wood
UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
Clare S. Rowland
UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
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Total article views: 5,569 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
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Total article views: 4,174 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
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- XML: 93
- Total: 4,174
- BibTeX: 128
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Total article views: 1,395 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
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Viewed (geographical distribution)
Total article views: 5,569 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 5,564 with geography defined
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Total article views: 4,174 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 4,174 with geography defined
and 0 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 1,395 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 1,374 with geography defined
and 21 with unknown origin.
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Cited
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Exploring Long-term Landscape Changes in a Rural Catchment in Southern England, from the Mid-nineteenth Century to the Present, and Their Implications for Future Land Management C. Hudson et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2025.2561456
- Green space, life-course socioeconomic disparities and cognitive function in later life: A longitudinal analysis R. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2026.103660
- Hierarchical-modular framework for habitat mapping through systematic and informed integration of remote sensing data with contextual information S. Punalekar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2024.102714
- High-Resolution Land-Cover Mapping Based on a Cross-Resolution Deep Learning Framework and Available Low-Resolution Labels X. Qi et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2023.3342994
- Microplastic contamination is widespread across invertebrate taxa frequently consumed by terrestrial vertebrates E. Thrift et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf103
- Time-first approach for land cover mapping using big Earth observation data time-series in a data cube – a case study from the Lake Geneva region (Switzerland) G. Giuliani https://doi.org/10.1080/20964471.2024.2323241
- Interactive effects of urbanness and land cover types on soil carbon and nitrogen pools in green spaces P. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127619
- Ecosystem service multifunctionality and trade-offs in English Green Belt peri-urban planning M. Kirby et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101620
- Landscape functioning in reservoir water quality prediction: Current use and predictive capacity A. Portela et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2702
- Role of freshwater availability and terrestrial land‐cover change in the distribution of a declining, terrestrial, insectivorous bird C. Eden et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.70219
- Modelling the distribution of the tick Ixodes ricinus in England and Wales using passive surveillance data from citizen science reports M. Burdon et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0013520
- From reach to catchment-scale impacts: High-resolution hydrodynamic modelling of Nature-based solutions in the Cocker Catchment, UK B. Hill et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103178
- Have river flow droughts become more severe? A review of the evidence from the UK – a data-rich, temperate environment J. Hannaford et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-4371-2025
- Capturing exposed bedrock in the upland regions of Great Britain: A geomorphometric focused random forest approach C. Williams et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2024.105814
- Continuous in situ monitoring provides new evidence of storm‐induced riverine hypoxia following climatic extremes H. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.70361
- Assessing land use change and the impacts on semi-natural habitats across England and Wales using four time points between 1930 and 2020 L. Ridding et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-025-02189-8
- Assessing Potential Data Sources for Landscape-scale Terrestrial Biodiversity Indicators T. Bradfer-Lawrence et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-026-02477-2
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Exploring Long-term Landscape Changes in a Rural Catchment in Southern England, from the Mid-nineteenth Century to the Present, and Their Implications for Future Land Management C. Hudson et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/14662035.2025.2561456
- Green space, life-course socioeconomic disparities and cognitive function in later life: A longitudinal analysis R. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2026.103660
- Hierarchical-modular framework for habitat mapping through systematic and informed integration of remote sensing data with contextual information S. Punalekar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2024.102714
- High-Resolution Land-Cover Mapping Based on a Cross-Resolution Deep Learning Framework and Available Low-Resolution Labels X. Qi et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2023.3342994
- Microplastic contamination is widespread across invertebrate taxa frequently consumed by terrestrial vertebrates E. Thrift et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf103
- Time-first approach for land cover mapping using big Earth observation data time-series in a data cube – a case study from the Lake Geneva region (Switzerland) G. Giuliani https://doi.org/10.1080/20964471.2024.2323241
- Interactive effects of urbanness and land cover types on soil carbon and nitrogen pools in green spaces P. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127619
- Ecosystem service multifunctionality and trade-offs in English Green Belt peri-urban planning M. Kirby et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2024.101620
- Landscape functioning in reservoir water quality prediction: Current use and predictive capacity A. Portela et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2702
- Role of freshwater availability and terrestrial land‐cover change in the distribution of a declining, terrestrial, insectivorous bird C. Eden et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.70219
- Modelling the distribution of the tick Ixodes ricinus in England and Wales using passive surveillance data from citizen science reports M. Burdon et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0013520
- From reach to catchment-scale impacts: High-resolution hydrodynamic modelling of Nature-based solutions in the Cocker Catchment, UK B. Hill et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103178
- Have river flow droughts become more severe? A review of the evidence from the UK – a data-rich, temperate environment J. Hannaford et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-4371-2025
- Capturing exposed bedrock in the upland regions of Great Britain: A geomorphometric focused random forest approach C. Williams et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2024.105814
- Continuous in situ monitoring provides new evidence of storm‐induced riverine hypoxia following climatic extremes H. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.70361
- Assessing land use change and the impacts on semi-natural habitats across England and Wales using four time points between 1930 and 2020 L. Ridding et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-025-02189-8
- Assessing Potential Data Sources for Landscape-scale Terrestrial Biodiversity Indicators T. Bradfer-Lawrence et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-026-02477-2
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 09 Jun 2026
Short summary
The UK Land Cover Map 2021 (LCM2021) is a UK-wide land cover data set, with 21- and 10-class versions. It is intended to support a broad range of UK environmental research, including ecological and hydrological research. LCM2021 was produced by classifying Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. LCM2021 is distributed as a suite of products to facilitate easy use for a range of applications. To support research at different spatial scales it includes 10 m, 25 m and 1 km resolution products.
The UK Land Cover Map 2021 (LCM2021) is a UK-wide land cover data set, with 21- and 10-class...
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