Articles | Volume 15, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2025-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2025-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Annual emissions of carbon from land use, land-use change, and forestry from 1850 to 2020
Richard A. Houghton
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Woodwell Climate Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02540, USA
Andrea Castanho
Woodwell Climate Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02540, USA
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Total article views: 10,154 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
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Total article views: 8,552 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 8,360 with geography defined
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Total article views: 1,602 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 1,578 with geography defined
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Cited
51 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Cropland encroachment on ecological land in Mainland Southeast Asia leads to massive carbon emissions D. Su et al.
- Increased transparency in accounting conventions could benefit climate policy G. Wedderburn-Bisshop
- Reconstructing forest cover changes for the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River over the past millennium F. Yang et al.
- Optimizing land use for carbon neutrality: A scenario analysis in the Jakarta metropolitan area R. Zhang et al.
- Deforestation—a call for consistent carbon accounting G. Wedderburn-Bisshop
- Dynamic evolution of century-scale land use and landscape pattern coupled with historical topographic maps under AWCA-Markov framework Z. Wan et al.
- Revised and updated geospatial monitoring of 21st century forest carbon fluxes D. Gibbs et al.
- Harmonizing direct and indirect anthropogenic land carbon fluxes indicates a substantial missing sink in the global carbon budget since the early 20th century A. Walker et al.
- Optimization of crop planting structure based on agricultural water-energy-food-carbon nexus index: A case study of the Tuojiang river basin T. Feng et al.
- Updates in assessing soil organic carbon and their implications for evaluating land use change emissions L. Benavidez-Brouk et al.
- Bridging the gap between global environmental change and local realities: implications for biodiversity and nature’s contributions to people in a tropical dry forest of southern Mexico R. Corona-Núñez et al.
- Review of drivers of forest degradation and deforestation in Southeast Asia S. Chen et al.
- Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Land Cover Change in the Yellow River Basin over the Past Millennium Y. Wang et al.
- Stylized facts of past 1000-year of China’s cropland changes F. Yang et al.
- Recent gains in global terrestrial carbon stocks are mostly stored in nonliving pools Y. Bar-On et al.
- Spatial-temporal evolution and multi-scenario prediction of carbon emissions from land use in the adjacent areas of nature reserves Y. Li et al.
- The PagGRF20–PagMYB4 regulatory module coordinates wood formation in poplar T. Wang et al.
- Efficient 3D convolutional neural networks for Sentinel-2 land cover classification with limited ground truth data G. Carneiro et al.
- Projected land-use change emissions surpass climate change-induced carbon sinks in Sub-Saharan African biomes D. Sakala & M. Santos
- Global nitrous oxide budget (1980–2020) H. Tian et al.
- History Versus Aspirations: Carbon Neutrality Postponed By Several Decades V. Klimenko et al.
- Indicators of Global Climate Change 2023: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence P. Forster et al.
- Global spatially explicit carbon emissions from land-use change over the past six decades (1961–2020) Z. Qin et al.
- Annual carbon emissions from land-use change in China from 1000 to 2019 F. Yang et al.
- Multitemporal Assessment of Ecosystem Service Values and Carbon Sequestration in a Protected Ecosystem: A Case Study from Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary in Jharkhand, India D. Mandal & D. Ghosh
- Global Carbon Budget 2023 P. Friedlingstein et al.
- The enduring world forest carbon sink Y. Pan et al.
- Growing biomass carbon stock in China driven by expansion and conservation of woody areas Z. Liao et al.
- Quantitative assessment of the carbon dioxide absorption capacity of vegetation in China, 2000–2020 G. Lan et al.
- Uncertainties in carbon emissions from land use and land cover change in Indonesia I. Brasika et al.
- Differences and uncertainties in land-use CO2 flux estimates W. Obermeier et al.
- Concept and methodology for Scope 4 carbon accounting Z. Liu & G. Wang
- Social capital as power resource in forest governance networks: A systematic review S. Riyanto et al.
- Livestock increasingly drove global agricultural emissions growth from 1910–2015 S. Gingrich et al.
- Global Carbon Budget 2024 P. Friedlingstein et al.
- Developing a refined land use emission intensity inventory in China with land use activity-based data Z. Liu et al.
- A novel post-1950 CE atmospheric 14C record for the tropics using absolutely dated tree rings in the equatorial Amazon G. Santos et al.
- Robust estimation of the carbon dioxide airborne fraction under measurement errors J. Vera-Valdés & C. Grivas
- Carbon emission reduction potential of land use in typical alpine meadow region in China Y. Zhao et al.
- Quantifying and Explaining Land-Use Carbon Emissions in the Chengdu–Chongqing Urban Agglomeration: Spatiotemporal Analysis and Geodetector Insights D. Jize et al.
- Middle-aged forests in the Eastern U.S. have significant climate mitigation potential R. Birdsey et al.
- Future land carbon removals in China consistent with national inventory Y. He et al.
- Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence P. Forster et al.
- Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Animal Feed Formulations Containing Conventional and Insect-Based Protein Sources A. Vatsanidou et al.
- Biomass carbon emissions from nickel mining have significant implications for climate action E. Mervine et al.
- Unpacking China's land use and trade-driven land transfers through telecoupling Y. Song et al.
- Enhancing aboveground biomass density estimates in tropical forests using GEDI waveform data W. Ni-Meister et al.
- Changes in Forest Cover of Municipalities in Poland in 1990–2018 D. Kociuba et al.
- Systematic attribution of heatwaves to the emissions of carbon majors Y. Quilcaille et al.
- Estimation of the Carbon Sequestration Dynamics of Senegal’s Great Green Wall Based on Land Cover over the Past Three Decades B. Gore et al.
- Multiscale analysis of the spatiotemporal evolution of carbon emissions in China from 2000 to 2020 based on the DMSP-OLS and NPP-VIIRS nighttime light data R. Liu et al.
51 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Cropland encroachment on ecological land in Mainland Southeast Asia leads to massive carbon emissions D. Su et al.
- Increased transparency in accounting conventions could benefit climate policy G. Wedderburn-Bisshop
- Reconstructing forest cover changes for the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River over the past millennium F. Yang et al.
- Optimizing land use for carbon neutrality: A scenario analysis in the Jakarta metropolitan area R. Zhang et al.
- Deforestation—a call for consistent carbon accounting G. Wedderburn-Bisshop
- Dynamic evolution of century-scale land use and landscape pattern coupled with historical topographic maps under AWCA-Markov framework Z. Wan et al.
- Revised and updated geospatial monitoring of 21st century forest carbon fluxes D. Gibbs et al.
- Harmonizing direct and indirect anthropogenic land carbon fluxes indicates a substantial missing sink in the global carbon budget since the early 20th century A. Walker et al.
- Optimization of crop planting structure based on agricultural water-energy-food-carbon nexus index: A case study of the Tuojiang river basin T. Feng et al.
- Updates in assessing soil organic carbon and their implications for evaluating land use change emissions L. Benavidez-Brouk et al.
- Bridging the gap between global environmental change and local realities: implications for biodiversity and nature’s contributions to people in a tropical dry forest of southern Mexico R. Corona-Núñez et al.
- Review of drivers of forest degradation and deforestation in Southeast Asia S. Chen et al.
- Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Land Cover Change in the Yellow River Basin over the Past Millennium Y. Wang et al.
- Stylized facts of past 1000-year of China’s cropland changes F. Yang et al.
- Recent gains in global terrestrial carbon stocks are mostly stored in nonliving pools Y. Bar-On et al.
- Spatial-temporal evolution and multi-scenario prediction of carbon emissions from land use in the adjacent areas of nature reserves Y. Li et al.
- The PagGRF20–PagMYB4 regulatory module coordinates wood formation in poplar T. Wang et al.
- Efficient 3D convolutional neural networks for Sentinel-2 land cover classification with limited ground truth data G. Carneiro et al.
- Projected land-use change emissions surpass climate change-induced carbon sinks in Sub-Saharan African biomes D. Sakala & M. Santos
- Global nitrous oxide budget (1980–2020) H. Tian et al.
- History Versus Aspirations: Carbon Neutrality Postponed By Several Decades V. Klimenko et al.
- Indicators of Global Climate Change 2023: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence P. Forster et al.
- Global spatially explicit carbon emissions from land-use change over the past six decades (1961–2020) Z. Qin et al.
- Annual carbon emissions from land-use change in China from 1000 to 2019 F. Yang et al.
- Multitemporal Assessment of Ecosystem Service Values and Carbon Sequestration in a Protected Ecosystem: A Case Study from Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary in Jharkhand, India D. Mandal & D. Ghosh
- Global Carbon Budget 2023 P. Friedlingstein et al.
- The enduring world forest carbon sink Y. Pan et al.
- Growing biomass carbon stock in China driven by expansion and conservation of woody areas Z. Liao et al.
- Quantitative assessment of the carbon dioxide absorption capacity of vegetation in China, 2000–2020 G. Lan et al.
- Uncertainties in carbon emissions from land use and land cover change in Indonesia I. Brasika et al.
- Differences and uncertainties in land-use CO2 flux estimates W. Obermeier et al.
- Concept and methodology for Scope 4 carbon accounting Z. Liu & G. Wang
- Social capital as power resource in forest governance networks: A systematic review S. Riyanto et al.
- Livestock increasingly drove global agricultural emissions growth from 1910–2015 S. Gingrich et al.
- Global Carbon Budget 2024 P. Friedlingstein et al.
- Developing a refined land use emission intensity inventory in China with land use activity-based data Z. Liu et al.
- A novel post-1950 CE atmospheric 14C record for the tropics using absolutely dated tree rings in the equatorial Amazon G. Santos et al.
- Robust estimation of the carbon dioxide airborne fraction under measurement errors J. Vera-Valdés & C. Grivas
- Carbon emission reduction potential of land use in typical alpine meadow region in China Y. Zhao et al.
- Quantifying and Explaining Land-Use Carbon Emissions in the Chengdu–Chongqing Urban Agglomeration: Spatiotemporal Analysis and Geodetector Insights D. Jize et al.
- Middle-aged forests in the Eastern U.S. have significant climate mitigation potential R. Birdsey et al.
- Future land carbon removals in China consistent with national inventory Y. He et al.
- Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence P. Forster et al.
- Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Animal Feed Formulations Containing Conventional and Insect-Based Protein Sources A. Vatsanidou et al.
- Biomass carbon emissions from nickel mining have significant implications for climate action E. Mervine et al.
- Unpacking China's land use and trade-driven land transfers through telecoupling Y. Song et al.
- Enhancing aboveground biomass density estimates in tropical forests using GEDI waveform data W. Ni-Meister et al.
- Changes in Forest Cover of Municipalities in Poland in 1990–2018 D. Kociuba et al.
- Systematic attribution of heatwaves to the emissions of carbon majors Y. Quilcaille et al.
- Estimation of the Carbon Sequestration Dynamics of Senegal’s Great Green Wall Based on Land Cover over the Past Three Decades B. Gore et al.
- Multiscale analysis of the spatiotemporal evolution of carbon emissions in China from 2000 to 2020 based on the DMSP-OLS and NPP-VIIRS nighttime light data R. Liu et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 18 May 2026
Short summary
We update a previous analysis of carbon emissions (annual and national) from land use, land-use change, and forestry from 1850 to 2020. We use data from the latest (2020) Global Forest Resources Assessment, incorporate shifting cultivation, and include improvements to the bookkeeping model and recent estimates of emissions from peatlands. Net global emissions declined steadily over the decade from 2011 to 2020 (mean of 0.96 Pg C yr−1), falling below 1.0 Pg C yr−1 for the first time in 30 years.
We update a previous analysis of carbon emissions (annual and national) from land use, land-use...
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