Articles | Volume 15, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1037-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1037-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
07 Mar 2023
Data description paper |
| 07 Mar 2023
| 07 Mar 2023
An evaluation of long-term physical and hydrochemical measurements at the Sylt Roads Marine Observatory (1973–2019), Wadden Sea, North Sea
Johannes J. Rick
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und
Meeresforschung, Wattenmeerstation Sylt, Hafenstraße 43, 25992 List,
Germany
Mirco Scharfe
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und
Meeresforschung, Meeresstation, Biologische Anstalt Heligoland, Kurpromenade,
27498 Heligoland, Germany
deceased
Tatyana Romanova
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und
Meeresforschung, Wattenmeerstation Sylt, Hafenstraße 43, 25992 List,
Germany
Justus E. E. van Beusekom
Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Carbon Cycles, Department
Aquatic Nutrient Cycles, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
Ragnhild Asmus
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und
Meeresforschung, Wattenmeerstation Sylt, Hafenstraße 43, 25992 List,
Germany
Harald Asmus
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und
Meeresforschung, Wattenmeerstation Sylt, Hafenstraße 43, 25992 List,
Germany
Finn Mielck
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und
Meeresforschung, Wattenmeerstation Sylt, Hafenstraße 43, 25992 List,
Germany
Anja Kamp
Hochschule Bremen – City University of Applied Science, Fakultät 5, Abt. Schiffbau und Meerestechnik, Nautik, Biologie, Bionik, Neustadtswall 30, 28199 Bremen, Germany
Rainer Sieger
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
deceased
Karen H. Wiltshire
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und
Meeresforschung, Wattenmeerstation Sylt, Hafenstraße 43, 25992 List,
Germany
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und
Meeresforschung, Meeresstation, Biologische Anstalt Heligoland, Kurpromenade,
27498 Heligoland, Germany
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Gaziza Konyssova, Vera Sidorenko, Alexey Androsov, Sabine Horn, Sara Rubinetti, Ivan Kuznetsov, Karen Helen Wiltshire, and Justus van Beusekom
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2135, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2135, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
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This study explores how winds, tides, and biological activity influence suspended particle concentrations in a tidal basin of the Wadden Sea. Combining long-term measurements, ocean modelling, and machine learning, we found that wind dominates in winter, while biological processes like algae growth gain importance in spring and summer. The results also reveal contrasting short-term dynamics at shallow and deep stations, identifying the drivers of variability in coastal waters.
Andreas Neumann, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, Alexander Bratek, Jana Friedrich, Jürgen Möbius, Tina Sanders, Hendrik Wolschke, and Kirstin Dähnke
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1803, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1803, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
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The North-Western shelf of the Black Sea is substantially influenced by the discharge of nutrients from River Danube. We have sampled the sediment there and measured particulate carbon and nitrogen to reconstruct the variability of nitrogen sources to the NW shelf. Our results demonstrate that the balance of riverine nitrogen input and marine nitrogen fixation is sensitive to climate changes. Nitrogen from human activities is detectable in NW shelf sediment since the 12th century.
Mona Norbisrath, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, and Helmuth Thomas
Ocean Sci., 20, 1423–1440, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1423-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1423-2024, 2024
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We present an observational study investigating total alkalinity (TA) in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Discrete water samples were used to identify the TA spatial distribution patterns and locate and shed light on TA sources. By observing a tidal cycle, the sediments and pore water exchange were identified as local TA sources. We assumed metabolically driven CaCO3 dissolution as the TA source in the upper, oxic sediments and anaerobic metabolic processes as TA sources in the deeper, anoxic ones.
Felipe de Luca Lopes de Amorim, Areti Balkoni, Vera Sidorenko, and Karen Helen Wiltshire
Ocean Sci., 20, 1247–1265, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1247-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1247-2024, 2024
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We studied the increasing or decreasing of chlorophyll a abundance in the German Bight. Chlorophyll a is the pigment present in algae that allows them to capture energy from the sun and indicates both the growth of the algae and the health of the environment. Most of the German Bight has decreasing chlorophyll a concentration in the analysed period. In addition, about 45 % of the changes happening in chlorophyll a were connected with changes in temperature.
Louise C. V. Rewrie, Burkard Baschek, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, Arne Körtzinger, Gregor Ollesch, and Yoana G. Voynova
Biogeosciences, 20, 4931–4947, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4931-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4931-2023, 2023
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After heavy pollution in the 1980s, a long-term inorganic carbon increase in the Elbe Estuary (1997–2020) was fueled by phytoplankton and organic carbon production in the upper estuary, associated with improved water quality. A recent drought (2014–2020) modulated the trend, extending the water residence time and the dry summer season into May. The drought enhanced production of inorganic carbon in the estuary but significantly decreased the annual inorganic carbon export to coastal waters.
Mona Norbisrath, Andreas Neumann, Kirstin Dähnke, Tina Sanders, Andreas Schöl, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, and Helmuth Thomas
Biogeosciences, 20, 4307–4321, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4307-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4307-2023, 2023
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Total alkalinity (TA) is the oceanic capacity to store CO2. Estuaries can be a TA source. Anaerobic metabolic pathways like denitrification (reduction of NO3− to N2) generate TA and are a major nitrogen (N) sink. Another important N sink is anammox that transforms NH4+ with NO2− into N2 without TA generation. By combining TA and N2 production, we identified a TA source, denitrification, occurring in the water column and suggest anammox as the dominant N2 producer in the bottom layer of the Ems.
Mona Norbisrath, Johannes Pätsch, Kirstin Dähnke, Tina Sanders, Gesa Schulz, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, and Helmuth Thomas
Biogeosciences, 19, 5151–5165, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5151-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5151-2022, 2022
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Total alkalinity (TA) regulates the oceanic storage capacity of atmospheric CO2. TA is also metabolically generated in estuaries and influences coastal carbon storage through its inflows. We used water samples and identified the Hamburg port area as the one with highest TA generation. Of the overall riverine TA load, 14 % is generated within the estuary. Using a biogeochemical model, we estimated potential effects on the coastal carbon storage under possible anthropogenic and climate changes.
Gesa Schulz, Tina Sanders, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, Yoana G. Voynova, Andreas Schöl, and Kirstin Dähnke
Biogeosciences, 19, 2007–2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2007-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2007-2022, 2022
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Estuaries can significantly alter nutrient loads before reaching coastal waters. Our study of the heavily managed Ems estuary (Northern Germany) reveals three zones of nitrogen turnover along the estuary with water-column denitrification in the most upstream hyper-turbid part, nitrate production in the middle reaches and mixing/nitrate uptake in the North Sea. Suspended particulate matter was the overarching control on nitrogen cycling in the hyper-turbid estuary.
Vera Fofonova, Tuomas Kärnä, Knut Klingbeil, Alexey Androsov, Ivan Kuznetsov, Dmitry Sidorenko, Sergey Danilov, Hans Burchard, and Karen Helen Wiltshire
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6945–6975, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6945-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6945-2021, 2021
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We present a test case of river plume spreading to evaluate coastal ocean models. Our test case reveals the level of numerical mixing (due to parameterizations used and numerical treatment of processes in the model) and the ability of models to reproduce complex dynamics. The major result of our comparative study is that accuracy in reproducing the analytical solution depends less on the type of applied model architecture or numerical grid than it does on the type of advection scheme.
Onur Kerimoglu, Yoana G. Voynova, Fatemeh Chegini, Holger Brix, Ulrich Callies, Richard Hofmeister, Knut Klingbeil, Corinna Schrum, and Justus E. E. van Beusekom
Biogeosciences, 17, 5097–5127, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5097-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5097-2020, 2020
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In this study, using extensive field observations and a numerical model, we analyzed the physical and biogeochemical structure of a coastal system following an extreme flood event. Our results suggest that a number of anomalous observations were driven by a co-occurrence of peculiar meteorological conditions and increased riverine discharges. Our results call for attention to the combined effects of hydrological and meteorological extremes that are anticipated to increase in frequency.
Alexander Bratek, Justus E. E. van
Beusekom, Andreas Neumann, Tina Sanders, Jana Friedrich, Kay-Christian Emeis, and Kirstin Dähnke
Biogeosciences, 17, 2839–2851, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2839-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2839-2020, 2020
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The following paper highlights the importance of benthic N-transformation rates in different sediment types in the southern North Sea as a source of fixed nitrogen for primary producers and also as a sink of fixed nitrogen. Sedimentary fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen support ∼7 to 59 % of the average annual primary production. Semi-permeable and permeable sediments contribute ∼68 % of the total benthic N2 production rates, counteracting eutrophication in the southern North Sea.
Vera Fofonova, Alexey Androsov, Lasse Sander, Ivan Kuznetsov, Felipe Amorim, H. Christian Hass, and Karen H. Wiltshire
Ocean Sci., 15, 1761–1782, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1761-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1761-2019, 2019
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This study is dedicated to tidally induced dynamics in the Sylt-Rømø Bight with a focus on the non-linear component. The tidal residual circulation and asymmetric tidal cycles largely define the circulation pattern, transport and accumulation of sediment, and the distribution of bedforms. The newly obtained high-quality bathymetric data supported the use of high-resolution grids (up to 2 m in the intertidal zone) and elaboration of the details of tidal energy transformation in the domain.
Ivan Kuznetsov, Alexey Androsov, Vera Fofonova, Sergey Danilov, Natalja Rakowsky, Sven Harig, and Karen Helen Wiltshire
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2019-103, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2019-103, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
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Coastal regions play a significant role in global processes. Numerical models are one of the major instruments in understanding ocean dynamics. The main objective of this article is to demonstrate the representativeness of the simulations with the new FESOM-C model by comparing the results with observational data for the southeastern part of the North Sea. An equally important objective is to present the application of convergence analysis of solutions for grids of different spatial resolutions.
Johannes Pein, Annika Eisele, Richard Hofmeister, Tina Sanders, Ute Daewel, Emil V. Stanev, Justus van Beusekom, Joanna Staneva, and Corinna Schrum
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-265, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-265, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
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The Elbe estuary is subject to vigorous tidal forcing from the sea side and considerable biological inputs from the land side. Our 3D numerical coupled physical-biogeochemical integrates these forcing signals and provides highly realistic hindcasts of the associated dynamics. Model simulations show that the freshwater part of Elbe estuary is inhabited by plankton. According to simulations these organism play a key role in converting organic inputs into nitrate, the major inorganic nutrient.
Alexey Androsov, Vera Fofonova, Ivan Kuznetsov, Sergey Danilov, Natalja Rakowsky, Sven Harig, Holger Brix, and Karen Helen Wiltshire
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1009–1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1009-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1009-2019, 2019
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We present a description of a coastal ocean circulation model designed to work on variable-resolution meshes made of triangular and quadrilateral cells. This hybrid mesh functionality allows for higher numerical performance and less dissipative solutions.
Tom J. S. Cox, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 14, 5271–5280, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5271-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5271-2017, 2017
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Photosynthesis by phytoplankton is a key source of oxygen (O2) in aquatic systems. We have developed a mathematical technique to calculate the rate of photosynthesis from time series of O2. Additionally, the approach leads to a better understanding of the influence on O2 measurements of the tides in coasts and estuaries. The results are important for correctly interpreting the data that are gathered by a growing set of continuous O2 sensors that are deployed around the world.
A. Canion, J. E. Kostka, T. M. Gihring, M. Huettel, J. E. E. van Beusekom, H. Gao, G. Lavik, and M. M. M. Kuypers
Biogeosciences, 11, 309–320, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-309-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-309-2014, 2014
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Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1191–1216, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1191-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1191-2025, 2025
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Zaiyang Zhou, Jianzhong Ge, Dirk Sebastiaan van Maren, Hualong Luan, Wenyun Guo, Jianfei Ma, Yingjia Tao, Peng Xu, Fuhai Dao, Wanlun Yang, Keteng Ke, Shenyang Shi, Jingting Zhang, Yu Kuai, Cheng Li, Jinghua Gu, and Pingxing Ding
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Manh Cuong Tran, Moninya Roughan, and Amandine Schaeffer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 937–963, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-937-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-937-2025, 2025
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Ruichen Zhou, Jinyun Guo, Shaoshuai Ya, Heping Sun, and Xin Liu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 817–836, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-817-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-817-2025, 2025
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Manuel Bensi, Giuseppe Civitarese, Diego Borme, Carmela Caroppo, Gabriella Caruso, Federica Cerino, Franco Decembrini, Alessandra de Olazabal, Tommaso Diociaiuti, Michele Giani, Vedrana Kovacevic, Martina Kralj, Angelina Lo Giudice, Giovanna Maimone, Marina Monti, Maria Papale, Luisa Patrolecco, Elisa Putelli, Alessandro Ciro Rappazzo, Federica Relitti, Carmen Rizzo, Francesca Spataro, Valentina Tirelli, Clara Turetta, and Maurizio Azzaro
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-37, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-37, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
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In September 2021, the Italian Arctic Research Programme funded a multidisciplinary study along the 75° N in the Greenland Sea as part of the CASSANDRA project and the Synoptic Arctic Survey programme. The study emphasises the spatial variability of water properties, nutrient distribution and biological communities determined by oceanographic dynamics, in a region influenced by sea ice melting, Atlantic water inflow and climatic teleconnections during a record low summer sea ice extent.
Marina Locritani, Sara Garvani, Giuseppe Manzella, Giancarlo Tamburello, and Antonio Guarnieri
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-53, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-53, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
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The Histoire Physique de la Mer, written by L.F. Marsili in 1725, was one of the first treatises to analyse the science of the sea. However, it is difficult to understand Marsili's original data. This paper has undertaken a major effort to re-evaluate Marsili's observations, converting historical measurements into modern units: water weight in water density, bathymetric profiles mapping the locations where these measurements were made, and sea level variations, considering the associated error.
Qinwang Xing, Haiqing Yu, Wei Yu, Xinjun Chen, and Hui Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-592, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-592, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
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Ocean fronts play a key role in marine ecosystems and often implicitly exist in satellite observations. This work presents the first publicly available daily global front dataset spanning from 1982 to 2023, with comprehensive validations using in-situ global observations. Our validations enhance confidence in the application of satellite-based front detection and provide independent support for global front occurrence patterns. The dataset is expected to be widely used in front-related studies.
Chao Liu and Lisan Yu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-14, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-14, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
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A daily dataset on ocean-surface stress is synthesized for both ice-covered and ice-free Arctic and Antarctic areas. It is based on satellite data on ocean winds, ice movement, and sea surface height. Sensitivity analyses address uncertainties, including variations in sea level products and ice-water drag. The dataset's accuracy is validated against in situ measurements, showing moderate to good agreement on monthly and longer timescales.
Federica Foglini, Marzia Rovere, Renato Tonielli, Giorgio Castellan, Mariacristina Prampolini, Francesca Budillon, Marco Cuffaro, Gabriella Di Martino, Valentina Grande, Sara Innangi, Maria Filomena Loreto, Leonardo Langone, Fantina Madricardo, Alessandra Mercorella, Paolo Montagna, Camilla Palmiotto, Claudio Pellegrini, Antonio Petrizzo, Lorenzo Petracchini, Alessandro Remia, Marco Sacchi, Daphnie Sanchez Galvez, Anna Nora Tassetti, and Fabio Trincardi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 181–203, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-181-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-181-2025, 2025
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In 2022, the new CNR research vessel Gaia Blu explored the seabed of the Naples and Pozzuoli gulfs and the Amalfi coastal area (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) from 50–2000 m water depth, covering 5000 m2 of seafloor. This paper describes data acquisition and processing and provides maps in unprecedented detail of this area affected by geological changes and human impacts. The findings support future geological and geomorphological investigations and mapping and monitoring of the seafloor and habitats.
Zhongxiang Zhao
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-611, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-611, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
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Internal tides are generated by barotropic tidal currents flowing over variable topography. They play an important role in a variety of ocean processes such as diapycnal mixing and tracer transport. A global internal tide model is developed using 30 years of satellite altimetry data and a new mapping technique. It decomposes the internal tide field into 60 plane waves at each point, giving numerous long-range beams that contain key information on their generation, propagation, and dissipation.
Yan Wang, Ge Chen, Jie Yang, Zhipeng Gui, and Dehua Peng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5737–5752, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5737-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5737-2024, 2024
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Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous in the ocean and account for 90 % of its kinetic energy, but their generation and dissipation are difficult to observe using current remote sensing technology. Our submesoscale eddy dataset, formed by suppressing large-scale circulation signals and enhancing small-scale chlorophyll structures, has important implications for understanding marine environments and ecosystems, as well as improving climate model predictions.
Han Zhang, Dake Chen, Tongya Liu, Di Tian, Min He, Qi Li, Guofei Wei, and Jian Liu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5665–5679, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5665-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5665-2024, 2024
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This paper provides a cross-shaped moored array dataset (MASCS 1.0) of observations that consist of five buoys and four moorings in the northern South China Sea from 2014 to 2015. The moored array is influenced by atmospheric forcings such as tropical cyclones and monsoon as well as oceanic tides and flows. The data reveal variations of the air–sea interface and the ocean itself, which are valuable for studies of air–sea interactions and ocean dynamics in the northern South China Sea.
Simona Simoncelli, Franco Reseghetti, Claudia Fratianni, Lijing Cheng, and Giancarlo Raiteri
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5531–5561, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5531-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5531-2024, 2024
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This data review is about the reprocessing of historical eXpendable BathyThermograp (XBT) profiles from the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas over the time period 1999–2019. A new automated quality control analysis has been performed starting from the original raw data and operational log sheets. The data have been formatted and standardized according to the latest community best practices, and all available metadata have been inserted, including calibration information and uncertainty specification.
Giuseppe Zibordi and Jean-François Berthon
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5477–5502, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5477-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5477-2024, 2024
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The Coastal Atmosphere and Sea Time Series (CoASTS) and Bio-Optical mapping of Marine Properties (BiOMaP) programs produced bio-optical data supporting satellite ocean color applications across European seas for almost 2 decades. CoASTS and BiOMaP applied equal standardized instruments, measurement methods, quality control schemes and processing codes to ensure temporal and spatial consistency with data products.
Gang Yang, Ke Huang, Lin Zhu, Weiwei Sun, Chao Chen, Xiangchao Meng, Lihua Wang, and Yong Ge
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5311–5331, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5311-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5311-2024, 2024
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Continuous monitoring of shoreline dynamics is critical to understanding the drivers of shoreline change and evolution. This study uses long-term sequences of Landsat Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), and Operational Land Imager (OLI) images to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of the coastlines of Hainan, mainland China, Taiwan, and other countries from 1990 to 2019.
Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, Esther Portela, Virginie Thierry, and Annaig Prigent
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5191–5206, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5191-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5191-2024, 2024
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Oceanic dissolved oxygen (DO) is fundamental for ocean biogeochemical cycles and marine life. To ease the computation of the ocean oxygen budget from in situ DO data, mapping of data on a regular 3D grid is useful. Here, we present a new DO gridded product from the Argo database. We compare it with existing DO mapping from a historical dataset. We suggest that the ocean has generally been losing oxygen since the 1980s, but large interannual and regional variabilities should be considered.
Xudong Zhang and Xiaofeng Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 5131–5144, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5131-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-5131-2024, 2024
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Internal wave (IW) is an important ocean process and is frequently observed in the South China Sea (SCS). This study presents a detailed IW dataset for the northern SCS spanning from 2000 to 2022, with a spatial resolution of 250 m, comprising 3085 IW MODIS images. This dataset can enhance understanding of IW dynamics and serve as a valuable resource for studying ocean dynamics, validating numerical models, and advancing AI-driven model building, fostering further exploration into IW phenomena.
Jian Liu, Jingjing Yu, Chuyong Lin, Min He, Haiyan Liu, Wei Wang, and Min Min
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4949–4969, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4949-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4949-2024, 2024
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The Japanese Himawari-8 and Himawari-9 (H8/9) geostationary (GEO) satellites are strategically positioned over the South China Sea (SCS), spanning from 3 November 2022 to the present. They mainly provide cloud mask, fraction, height, phase, optical, and microphysical property; layered precipitable water; and sea surface temperature products within a temporal resolution of 10 min and a gridded resolution of 0.05° × 0.05°.
Romain Le Gendre, David Varillon, Sylvie Fiat, Régis Hocdé, Antoine De Ramon N'Yeurt, Jérôme Aucan, Sophie Cravatte, Maxime Duphil, Alexandre Ganachaud, Baptiste Gaudron, Elodie Kestenare, Vetea Liao, Bernard Pelletier, Alexandre Peltier, Anne-Lou Schaefer, Thomas Trophime, Simon Van Wynsberge, Yves Dandonneau, Michel Allenbach, and Christophe Menkes
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-394, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-394, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
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Due to ocean warming, coral reef ecosystems are strongly impacted with dystrophic events and corals experiencing increasing frequencies of bleaching events. In-situ observation remains the best alternative for accurate characterization of trends and extremes in these shallow environments. This paper presents the coastal temperature dataset of the ReefTEMPS monitoring network which spreads over multiple Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTS) in the Western and Central South Pacific.
Sarah A. Rautenbach, Carlos Mendes de Sousa, Mafalda Carapuço, and Paulo Relvas
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4641–4654, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4641-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4641-2024, 2024
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This article presents the data of a 4-month observation of the Iberian Margin Cape St. Vincent ocean observatory, in Portugal (2022), a European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory node. Three instruments at depths between 150 and 200 m collected physical/biogeochemical parameters at different spatial and temporal scales. EMSO-ERIC aims at developing strategies to enable sustainable ocean observation with regards to costs, time, and resolution.
Owein Thuillier, Nicolas Le Josse, Alexandru-Liviu Olteanu, Marc Sevaux, and Hervé Tanguy
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4529–4556, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4529-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4529-2024, 2024
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Our study unveils a comprehensive catalogue of 17 700 unique coastal digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) as of 2022. These DEMs are designed to support a variety of scientific and educational purposes. Organised into three libraries, they cover a wide range of coastal geometries and different sizes. Data and custom colour palettes for visualisation are made freely available online, promoting open science and collaboration.
Meri Korhonen, Mateusz Moskalik, Oskar Głowacki, and Vineet Jain
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4511–4527, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4511-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4511-2024, 2024
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Since 2015, temperature and salinity have been monitored in Hornsund fjord (Svalbard), where retreating glaciers add meltwater and terrestrial matter to coastal waters. Therefore, turbidity and water sampling for suspended sediment concentration and sediment deposition are measured. The monitoring spans from May to October, enabling studies on seasonality and its variability over the years, and the dataset covers the whole fjord, including the inner basins in close proximity to the glaciers.
Kyla Drushka, Elizabeth Westbrook, Frederick M. Bingham, Peter Gaube, Suzanne Dickinson, Severine Fournier, Viviane Menezes, Sidharth Misra, Jaynice Pérez Valentín, Edwin J. Rainville, Julian J. Schanze, Carlyn Schmidgall, Andrey Shcherbina, Michael Steele, Jim Thomson, and Seth Zippel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4209–4242, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4209-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4209-2024, 2024
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The NASA SASSIE mission aims to understand the role of salinity in modifying sea ice formation in early autumn. The 2022 SASSIE campaign collected measurements of upper-ocean properties, including stratification (layering of the ocean) and air–sea fluxes in the Beaufort Sea. These data are presented here and made publicly available on the NASA Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center (PO.DAAC), along with code to manipulate the data and generate the figures presented herein.
Le Gao, Yuan Guo, and Xiaofeng Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4189–4207, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4189-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4189-2024, 2024
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Since 2008, the Yellow Sea has faced a significant ecological issue, the green tide, which has become one of the world's largest marine disasters. Satellite remote sensing plays a pivotal role in detecting this phenomenon. This study uses AI-based models to extract the daily green tide from MODIS and SAR images and integrates these daily data to introduce a continuous weekly dataset, which aids research in disaster simulation, forecasting, and prevention.
Chunhua Qiu, Zhenyang Du, Jiancheng Yu, Huabin Mao, Haibo Tang, Zhenhui Yi, Jiawei Qiao, Dongxiao Wang, Xiaoming Zhai, and Yeqiang Shu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-338, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-338, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
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The high dense AUVs’ dataset in SCS provides 24498 temperature and salinity profiles and covers 463 days’ experiments, including 83 AUGs’ and 2 AUVs’ experiments. To our knowledge, the resolution and length of this dataset is enough in detecting the asymmetry, vertical tilt, temporal evolution of MEs, and the submesoscale processes. The dataset is expected to improve the accuracy of current and biogeochemistry numerical model. More projects gathering AUVs network will be promoted in future.
Lianjun Yang, Taoyong Jin, and Weiping Jiang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-350, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-350, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
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Storm surges (SSs) cause massive loss of life and property in coastal areas each year. High spatial resolution and long-term SS records are the basis for assessing such events. However, tide gauges can provide limited SS information due to sparse and uneven distributions. Based on artificial intelligence technology and tide gauges, a high spatial coverage SS dataset was generated for period from 1940 to 2020, which can provide possible alternative support for deepening our understanding of SSs.
Lijing Cheng, Yuying Pan, Zhetao Tan, Huayi Zheng, Yujing Zhu, Wangxu Wei, Juan Du, Huifeng Yuan, Guancheng Li, Hanlin Ye, Viktor Gouretski, Yuanlong Li, Kevin E. Trenberth, John Abraham, Yuchun Jin, Franco Reseghetti, Xiaopei Lin, Bin Zhang, Gengxin Chen, Michael E. Mann, and Jiang Zhu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3517–3546, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3517-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3517-2024, 2024
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Observational gridded products are essential for understanding the ocean, the atmosphere, and climate change; they support policy decisions and socioeconomic developments. This study provides an update of an ocean subsurface temperature and ocean heat content gridded product, named the IAPv4 data product, which is available for the upper 6000 m (119 levels) since 1940 (more reliable after ~1955) for monthly and 1° × 1° temporal and spatial resolutions.
Sönke Dangendorf, Qiang Sun, Thomas Wahl, Philip Thompson, Jerry X. Mitrovica, and Ben Hamlington
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3471–3494, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3471-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3471-2024, 2024
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Sea-level information from the global ocean is sparse in time and space, with comprehensive data being limited to the period since 2005. Here we provide a novel reconstruction of sea level and its contributing causes, as determined by a Kalman smoother approach applied to tide gauge records over the period 1900–2021. The new reconstruction shows a continuing acceleration in global mean sea-level rise since 1970 that is dominated by melting land ice. Contributors vary significantly by region.
Panagiotis Athanasiou, Ap van Dongeren, Maarten Pronk, Alessio Giardino, Michalis Vousdoukas, and Roshanka Ranasinghe
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3433–3452, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3433-2024, 2024
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The shape of the coast, the intensity of waves, the height of the water levels, the presence of people or critical infrastructure, and the land use are important information to assess the vulnerability of the coast to coastal hazards. Here, we provide 80 indicators of this kind at consistent locations along the global ice-free coastline using open-access global datasets. These can be valuable for quick assessments of the vulnerability of the coast and at data-poor locations.
Léo Seyfried, Laurie Biscara, Héloïse Michaud, Fabien Leckler, Audrey Pasquet, Marc Pezerat, and Clément Gicquel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3345–3367, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3345-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3345-2024, 2024
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In Saint-Malo, France, an initiative to enhance marine submersion prevention began in 2018. Shom conducted an extensive sea campaign, mapping the bay's topography and exploring coastal processes. High-resolution data improve knowledge of the interactions between waves, tide and surge and determine processes responsible for submersion. Beyond science, these findings contribute crucially to a local warning system, providing a tangible solution to protect the community from coastal threats.
Jisun Shin, Dae-Won Kim, So-Hyun Kim, Gi Seop Lee, Boo-Keun Khim, and Young-Heon Jo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3193–3211, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3193-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3193-2024, 2024
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We overcame the limitations of satellite and reanalysis sea surface salinity (SSS) datasets and produced a gap-free gridded SSS product with reasonable accuracy and a spatial resolution of 1 km using a machine learning model. Our data enabled the recognition of SSS distribution and movement patterns of the Changjiang diluted water (CDW) front in the East China Sea (ECS) during summer. These results will further advance our understanding and monitoring of long-term SSS variations in the ECS.
Haibin Ye, Chaoyu Yang, Yuan Dong, Shilin Tang, and Chuqun Chen
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3125–3147, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3125-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3125-2024, 2024
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A deep-learning model for gap-filling based on expected variance was developed. OI-SwinUnet achieves good performance reconstructing chlorophyll-a concentration data on the South China Sea. The reconstructed dataset depicts both the spatiotemporal patterns at the seasonal scale and a fast-change process at the weather scale. Reconstructed data show chlorophyll perturbations of individual eddies at different life stages, giving academics a unique and complete perspective on eddy studies.
Robert W. Schlegel, Rakesh Kumar Singh, Bernard Gentili, Simon Bélanger, Laura Castro de la Guardia, Dorte Krause-Jensen, Cale A. Miller, Mikael Sejr, and Jean-Pierre Gattuso
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2773–2788, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2773-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2773-2024, 2024
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Fjords play a vital role in the Arctic ecosystems and human communities. It is therefore important to have as clear of an understanding of the processes within these systems as possible. While temperature and salinity tend to be well measured, light is usually not. The dataset described in this paper uses remotely sensed data from 2003 to 2022 to address this problem by providing high-spatial-resolution surface, water column, and seafloor light data for several well-studied Arctic fjords.
Nir Haim, Vika Grigorieva, Rotem Soffer, Boaz Mayzel, Timor Katz, Ronen Alkalay, Eli Biton, Ayah Lazar, Hezi Gildor, Ilana Berman-Frank, Yishai Weinstein, Barak Herut, and Yaron Toledo
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2659–2668, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2659-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2659-2024, 2024
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This paper outlines the process of creating an open-access surface wave dataset, drawing from deep-sea research station observations located 50 km off the coast of Israel. The discussion covers the wave monitoring procedure, from instrument configuration to wave field retrieval, and aspects of quality assurance. The dataset presented spans over 5 years, offering uncommon in situ wave measurements in the deep sea, and addresses the existing gap in wave information within the region.
Fengshun Zhu, Jinyun Guo, Huiying Zhang, Lingyong Huang, Heping Sun, and Xin Liu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2281–2296, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2281-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2281-2024, 2024
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We used multi-satellite altimeter data to construct a high-resolution marine gravity change rate (MGCR) model on 5′×5′ grids, named SDUST2020MGCR. The spatial distribution of SDUST2020MGCR and GRACE MGCR are similar, such as in the eastern seas of Japan (dipole), western seas of the Nicobar Islands (rising), and southern seas of Greenland (falling). The SDUST2020MGCR can provide a detailed view of long-term marine gravity change, which will help to study the seawater mass migration.
Lisa Deyle, Thomas H. Badewien, Oliver Wurl, and Jens Meyerjürgens
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2099–2112, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2099-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2099-2024, 2024
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A dataset from the North Sea of 85 surface drifters from 2017–2021 is presented. Surface drifters enable the analysis of ocean currents by determining the velocities of surface currents and tidal effects. The entire North Sea has not been studied using drifters before, but the analysis of ocean currents is essential, e.g., to understand the pathways of plastic. The results show that there are strong tidal effects in the shallow North Sea area and strong surface currents in the deep areas.
Yasser O. Abualnaja, Alexandra Pavlidou, James H. Churchill, Ioannis Hatzianestis, Dimitris Velaoras, Harilaos Kontoyiannis, Vassilis P. Papadopoulos, Aristomenis P. Karageorgis, Georgia Assimakopoulou, Helen Kaberi, Theodoros Kannelopoulos, Constantine Parinos, Christina Zeri, Dionysios Ballas, Elli Pitta, Vassiliki Paraskevopoulou, Afroditi Androni, Styliani Chourdaki, Vassileia Fioraki, Stylianos Iliakis, Georgia Kabouri, Angeliki Konstantinopoulou, Georgios Krokos, Dimitra Papageorgiou, Alkiviadis Papageorgiou, Georgios Pappas, Elvira Plakidi, Eleni Rousselaki, Ioanna Stavrakaki, Eleni Tzempelikou, Panagiota Zachioti, Anthi Yfanti, Theodore Zoulias, Abdulah Al Amoudi, Yasser Alshehri, Ahmad Alharbi, Hammad Al Sulami, Taha Boksmati, Rayan Mutwalli, and Ibrahim Hoteit
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1703–1731, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1703-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1703-2024, 2024
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We present oceanographic measurements obtained during two surveillance cruises conducted in June and September 2021 in the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf. It is the first multidisciplinary survey within the Saudi Arabian coastal zone, extending from near the Saudi–Jordanian border in the north of the Red Sea to the south close to the Saudi--Yemen border and in the Arabian Gulf. The objective was to record the pollution status along the coastal zone of the kingdom related to specific pressures.
Alexandra E. Jones-Kellett and Michael J. Follows
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1475–1501, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1475-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1475-2024, 2024
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Ocean eddies can limit horizontal mixing, potentially isolating phytoplankton populations and affecting their concentration. We used two decades of satellite data and computer simulations to identify and track eddy-trapping boundaries in the Pacific Ocean for application in phytoplankton research. Although some eddies trap water masses for months, many continuously mix with surrounding waters. A case study shows how eddy trapping can enhance the signature of a phytoplankton bloom.
Richard Fiifi Annan, Xiaoyun Wan, Ruijie Hao, and Fei Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1167–1176, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1167-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1167-2024, 2024
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Gravity gradient tensor, a set of six unique gravity signals, is suitable for detecting undersea features. However, due to poor spatial resolution in past years, it has received less research interest and investment. However, current datasets have better accuracy and resolutions, thereby necessitating a revisit. Our analysis shows comparable results with reference models. We conclude that current-generation altimetry datasets can precisely resolve all six gravity gradients.
Simon Treu, Sanne Muis, Sönke Dangendorf, Thomas Wahl, Julius Oelsmann, Stefanie Heinicke, Katja Frieler, and Matthias Mengel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1121–1136, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1121-2024, 2024
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This article describes a reconstruction of monthly coastal water levels from 1900–2015 and hourly data from 1979–2015, both with and without long-term sea level rise. The dataset is based on a combination of three datasets that are focused on different aspects of coastal water levels. Comparison with tide gauge records shows that this combination brings reconstructions closer to the observations compared to the individual datasets.
Sarah Asdar, Daniele Ciani, and Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1029–1046, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1029-2024, 2024
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Estimating 3D currents is crucial for the understanding of ocean dynamics, and a precise knowledge of ocean circulation is essential to ensure a sustainable ocean. In this context, a new high-resolution (1 / 10°) data-driven dataset of 3D ocean currents has been developed within the European Space Agency World Ocean Circulation project, providing 10 years (2010–2019) of horizontal and vertical quasi-geostrophic currents at daily resolution over the North Atlantic Ocean, down to 1500 m depth.
Xiaoxia Zhang and Heidi Nepf
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1047–1062, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1047-2024, 2024
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This study measured the wave-induced plant drag, flow structure, turbulent intensity, and wave energy attenuation in the presence of a salt marsh. We showed that leaves contribute to most of the total plant drag and wave dissipation. Plant resistance significantly reshapes the velocity profile and enhances turbulence intensity. Adding current obviously impact the plants' wave decay capacity. The dataset can be reused to develop and calibrate marsh-flow theoretical and numerical models.
Michael Hemming, Moninya Roughan, and Amandine Schaeffer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 887–901, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-887-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-887-2024, 2024
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We present new datasets that are useful for exploring extreme ocean temperature events in Australian coastal waters. These datasets span multiple decades, starting from the 1940s and 1950s, and include observations from the surface to the bottom at four coastal sites. The datasets provide valuable insights into the intensity, frequency and timing of extreme warm and cold temperature events and include event characteristics such as duration, onset and decline rates and their categorisation.
Marlies A. van der Lugt, Jorn W. Bosma, Matthieu A. de Schipper, Timothy D. Price, Marcel C. G. van Maarseveen, Pieter van der Gaag, Gerben Ruessink, Ad J. H. M. Reniers, and Stefan G. J. Aarninkhof
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 903–918, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-903-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-903-2024, 2024
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A 6-week field campaign was carried out at a sheltered sandy beach on Texel along the Dutch Wadden Sea with the aim of gaining new insights into the driving processes behind sheltered beach morphodynamics. Detailed measurements of the local hydrodynamics, bed-level changes and sediment composition were collected. The morphological evolution on this sheltered site is the result of the subtle interplay between waves, currents and bed composition.
Oriane Bruyère, Romain Le Gendre, Vetea Liao, and Serge Andréfouët
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 667–679, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-667-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-667-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
During 2019–2020, the lagoon and forereefs of Gambier Island (French Polynesia) were monitored with oceanographic instruments to measure lagoon hydrodynamics and ocean–lagoon water exchanges. Gambier Island is a key black pearl producer and the study goal was to understand the processes influencing spat collection of pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera, the species used to produce black pearls. The data set is provided to address local pearl farming questions and other investigations as well.
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Short summary
The Sylt Roads (Wadden Sea) time series is illustrated. Since 1984, the water temperature has risen by 1.1 °C, while pH and salinity decreased by 0.2 and 0.3 units. Nutrients (P, N) displayed a period of high eutrophication until 1998 and have decreased since 1999, while Si showed a parallel increase. Chlorophyll did not mirror these changes, probably due to a switch in nutrient limitation. Until 1998, algae were primarily limited by Si, and since 1999, P limitation has become more important.
The Sylt Roads (Wadden Sea) time series is illustrated. Since 1984, the water temperature has...
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