Articles | Volume 13, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-481-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-481-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
16 Feb 2021
Data description paper |
| 16 Feb 2021
| 16 Feb 2021
Global maps of Forel–Ule index, hue angle and Secchi disk depth derived from 21 years of monthly ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative data
Jaime Pitarch
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Scienze Marine (ISMAR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Coastal Systems, and
Utrecht University, P.O. Box 59, 1790AB Den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands
Marco Bellacicco
Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development
(ENEA), Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy
Salvatore Marullo
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Scienze Marine (ISMAR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development
(ENEA), Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy
Hendrik J. van der Woerd
Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Water & Climate Risk, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1111, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Cited
29 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The Potential of Hue Angle Calculated Based on Multispectral Reflectance for Leaf Chlorophyll Content Estimation Q. Jiao et al. 10.1109/TGRS.2023.3322130
- Can Forel–Ule Index Act as a Proxy of Water Quality in Temperate Waters? Application of Plume Mapping in Liverpool Bay, UK L. Fronkova et al. 10.3390/rs14102375
- Evaluating historic and modern optical techniques for monitoring phytoplankton biomass in the Atlantic Ocean R. Brewin et al. 10.3389/fmars.2023.1111416
- Ultra‐Oligotrophic Waters Expansion in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre Revealed by 21 Years of Satellite Observations F. Leonelli et al. 10.1029/2021GL096965
- The effect of seasonality on the foraging behaviour and breeding success of a tropical marine top predator S. Saldanha et al. 10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103413
- Scaling up benthic primary productivity estimates in a large intertidal estuary using remote sensing Z. Shao et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167389
- Water color from Sentinel-2 MSI data for monitoring large rivers: Yangtze and Danube S. Wang et al. 10.1080/10095020.2023.2258950
- Change analysis of surface water clarity in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea by remote sensing data and an interpretable deep learning model M. Abedini et al. 10.1007/s11356-025-36018-x
- Variations of Remote-Sensed Forel-Ule Index in the Bohai and Yellow Seas during 1997–2019 B. Zhang et al. 10.3390/rs15143487
- Regional to global assessments of ocean transparency dynamics from 1997 to 2019 J. Guo et al. 10.1016/j.pocean.2023.103165
- Multidecadal changes in ocean transparency: Decrease in a coastal upwelling region and increase offshore M. Kahru et al. 10.1002/lno.12365
- Satellites reveal hot spots of ocean changes in the early 21st century Z. Li et al. 10.1126/sciadv.ads0307
- Phytoplankton Bloom Dynamics in the Baltic Sea Using a Consistently Reprocessed Time Series of Multi-Sensor Reflectance and Novel Chlorophyll-a Retrievals V. Brando et al. 10.3390/rs13163071
- Ocean Biology Studied from Space S. Sathyendranath et al. 10.1007/s10712-023-09805-9
- Multiple Timescale Variations in Water Transparency in the Eastern China Seas over the Period 1997–2019 J. Guo et al. 10.1029/2022JC019170
- Detecting centennial changes in the clarity and colour of the Red and Eastern Mediterranean Seas by retracing the “Pola” expeditions J. Heath et al. 10.3389/fmars.2024.1358899
- Changes in remotely sensed Forel-Ule Index for the coastal seas of Japan, 2013–2023 L. Zhu et al. 10.1007/s12145-024-01507-z
- Optical classification of an urbanized estuary using hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance K. Turner et al. 10.1364/OE.472765
- GloUTCI-M: a global monthly 1 km Universal Thermal Climate Index dataset from 2000 to 2022 Z. Yang et al. 10.5194/essd-16-2407-2024
- Comparison of Two Water Color Algorithms: Implications for the Remote Sensing of Water Bodies with Moderate to High CDOM or Chlorophyll Levels M. Burket et al. 10.3390/s23031071
- Sea Surface Chlorophyll-a Concentration Retrieval from HY-1C Satellite Data Based on Residual Network G. Yang et al. 10.3390/rs15143696
- Variability of Chlorophyll-a and Secchi Disk Depth (1997–2019) in the Bohai Sea Based on Monthly Cloud-Free Satellite Data Reconstructions J. Guo et al. 10.3390/rs14030639
- Remote sensing of transparency in the China seas from the ESA-OC-CCI data J. Guo et al. 10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107693
- Review of the Forel–Ule Index based on in situ and remote sensing methods and application in water quality assessment M. Ye & Y. Sun 10.1007/s11356-021-18083-0
- Water Colour Changes in High-Elevation Alpine Lakes during 2017–2022: A Case Study of the Upper Orco Valley Catchment E. Matta et al. 10.3390/w16071057
- DISCO: A low‐cost device‐instrumented Secchi disk for water clarity observations G. Donini & S. Piccolroaz 10.1002/lom3.10684
- Global ocean colour trends in biogeochemical provinces M. van Oostende et al. 10.3389/fmars.2023.1052166
- Changes in remotely sensed Forel-Ule Index for the coastal seas of Japan, 2013–2023 L. Zhu et al. 10.1007/s12145-024-01507-z
- Remote Sensing-Based Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Water Colour Variations in Baiyangdian Lake after the Establishment of the Xiong’an New Area Y. Zhao et al. 10.3390/rs13091729
27 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The Potential of Hue Angle Calculated Based on Multispectral Reflectance for Leaf Chlorophyll Content Estimation Q. Jiao et al. 10.1109/TGRS.2023.3322130
- Can Forel–Ule Index Act as a Proxy of Water Quality in Temperate Waters? Application of Plume Mapping in Liverpool Bay, UK L. Fronkova et al. 10.3390/rs14102375
- Evaluating historic and modern optical techniques for monitoring phytoplankton biomass in the Atlantic Ocean R. Brewin et al. 10.3389/fmars.2023.1111416
- Ultra‐Oligotrophic Waters Expansion in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre Revealed by 21 Years of Satellite Observations F. Leonelli et al. 10.1029/2021GL096965
- The effect of seasonality on the foraging behaviour and breeding success of a tropical marine top predator S. Saldanha et al. 10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103413
- Scaling up benthic primary productivity estimates in a large intertidal estuary using remote sensing Z. Shao et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167389
- Water color from Sentinel-2 MSI data for monitoring large rivers: Yangtze and Danube S. Wang et al. 10.1080/10095020.2023.2258950
- Change analysis of surface water clarity in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea by remote sensing data and an interpretable deep learning model M. Abedini et al. 10.1007/s11356-025-36018-x
- Variations of Remote-Sensed Forel-Ule Index in the Bohai and Yellow Seas during 1997–2019 B. Zhang et al. 10.3390/rs15143487
- Regional to global assessments of ocean transparency dynamics from 1997 to 2019 J. Guo et al. 10.1016/j.pocean.2023.103165
- Multidecadal changes in ocean transparency: Decrease in a coastal upwelling region and increase offshore M. Kahru et al. 10.1002/lno.12365
- Satellites reveal hot spots of ocean changes in the early 21st century Z. Li et al. 10.1126/sciadv.ads0307
- Phytoplankton Bloom Dynamics in the Baltic Sea Using a Consistently Reprocessed Time Series of Multi-Sensor Reflectance and Novel Chlorophyll-a Retrievals V. Brando et al. 10.3390/rs13163071
- Ocean Biology Studied from Space S. Sathyendranath et al. 10.1007/s10712-023-09805-9
- Multiple Timescale Variations in Water Transparency in the Eastern China Seas over the Period 1997–2019 J. Guo et al. 10.1029/2022JC019170
- Detecting centennial changes in the clarity and colour of the Red and Eastern Mediterranean Seas by retracing the “Pola” expeditions J. Heath et al. 10.3389/fmars.2024.1358899
- Changes in remotely sensed Forel-Ule Index for the coastal seas of Japan, 2013–2023 L. Zhu et al. 10.1007/s12145-024-01507-z
- Optical classification of an urbanized estuary using hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance K. Turner et al. 10.1364/OE.472765
- GloUTCI-M: a global monthly 1 km Universal Thermal Climate Index dataset from 2000 to 2022 Z. Yang et al. 10.5194/essd-16-2407-2024
- Comparison of Two Water Color Algorithms: Implications for the Remote Sensing of Water Bodies with Moderate to High CDOM or Chlorophyll Levels M. Burket et al. 10.3390/s23031071
- Sea Surface Chlorophyll-a Concentration Retrieval from HY-1C Satellite Data Based on Residual Network G. Yang et al. 10.3390/rs15143696
- Variability of Chlorophyll-a and Secchi Disk Depth (1997–2019) in the Bohai Sea Based on Monthly Cloud-Free Satellite Data Reconstructions J. Guo et al. 10.3390/rs14030639
- Remote sensing of transparency in the China seas from the ESA-OC-CCI data J. Guo et al. 10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107693
- Review of the Forel–Ule Index based on in situ and remote sensing methods and application in water quality assessment M. Ye & Y. Sun 10.1007/s11356-021-18083-0
- Water Colour Changes in High-Elevation Alpine Lakes during 2017–2022: A Case Study of the Upper Orco Valley Catchment E. Matta et al. 10.3390/w16071057
- DISCO: A low‐cost device‐instrumented Secchi disk for water clarity observations G. Donini & S. Piccolroaz 10.1002/lom3.10684
- Global ocean colour trends in biogeochemical provinces M. van Oostende et al. 10.3389/fmars.2023.1052166
2 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Changes in remotely sensed Forel-Ule Index for the coastal seas of Japan, 2013–2023 L. Zhu et al. 10.1007/s12145-024-01507-z
- Remote Sensing-Based Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Water Colour Variations in Baiyangdian Lake after the Establishment of the Xiong’an New Area Y. Zhao et al. 10.3390/rs13091729
Latest update: 11 Jul 2025
Short summary
Ocean monitoring is crucial to understand the regular seasonality and the drift induced by climate change. Satellites offer a possibility to monitor the complete surface of the Earth within a few days with a harmonized methodology, reaching resolutions of few kilometres. We revisit traditional ship survey optical parameters such as the
Secchi disk depthand the
Forel–Ule indexand derive them from satellite observations. Our time series is 21 years long and has global coverage.
Ocean monitoring is crucial to understand the regular seasonality and the drift induced by...
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