Articles | Volume 12, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2157-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2157-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Data description paper
| 
13 Sep 2020
Data description paper |
| 13 Sep 2020
| 13 Sep 2020
The HadGEM3-GA7.1 radiative kernel: the importance of a well-resolved stratosphere
Christopher J. Smith
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
Ryan J. Kramer
Climate and Radiation Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
Universities Space Research Association, 7178 Columbia Gateway Drive, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
Adriana Sima
LMD/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, ENS, PSL Université, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
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- State dependence of CO 2 forcing and its implications for climate sensitivity H. He et al. 10.1126/science.abq6872
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- Benchmark Calculations of Radiative Forcing by Greenhouse Gases R. Pincus et al. 10.1029/2020JD033483
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- Water vapor and lapse rate feedbacks in the climate system R. Colman & B. Soden 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.045002
- Interactions between atmospheric composition and climate change – progress in understanding and future opportunities from AerChemMIP, PDRMIP, and RFMIP S. Fiedler et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-2387-2024
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- The Nonlinear Radiative Feedback Effects in the Arctic Warming Y. Huang et al. 10.3389/feart.2021.693779
22 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Observational constraints suggest a smaller effective radiative forcing from aerosol–cloud interactions C. Park et al. 10.5194/acp-25-7299-2025
- The Dependence of Climate Sensitivity on the Meridional Distribution of Radiative Forcing B. Zhang et al. 10.1029/2023GL105492
- Aerosols overtake greenhouse gases causing a warmer climate and more weather extremes toward carbon neutrality P. Wang et al. 10.1038/s41467-023-42891-2
- State dependence of CO 2 forcing and its implications for climate sensitivity H. He et al. 10.1126/science.abq6872
- Biogeophysical Radiative Forcings of Large‐Scale Afforestation in Europe Are Highly Localized and Dominated by Surface Albedo Change R. Bright et al. 10.1029/2024GL112739
- Investigating the role of stratospheric ozone as a driver of inter-model spread in CO2 effective radiative forcing R. Byrom et al. 10.5194/acp-25-5683-2025
- Effective Radiative Forcing in a GCM With Fixed Surface Temperatures T. Andrews et al. 10.1029/2020JD033880
- Surface warming and wetting due to methane’s long-wave radiative effects muted by short-wave absorption R. Allen et al. 10.1038/s41561-023-01144-z
- Benchmark Calculations of Radiative Forcing by Greenhouse Gases R. Pincus et al. 10.1029/2020JD033483
- Band-by-band spectral radiative kernels based on the ERA5 reanalysis H. Huang et al. 10.1038/s41597-024-03080-y
- ClimKern v1.2: a new Python package and kernel repository for calculating radiative feedbacks T. Janoski et al. 10.5194/gmd-18-3065-2025
- Drivers of elevation-dependent warming over the Tibetan Plateau S. Hu & P. Hsu 10.1016/j.aosl.2022.100289
- Water vapor and lapse rate feedbacks in the climate system R. Colman & B. Soden 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.045002
- Interactions between atmospheric composition and climate change – progress in understanding and future opportunities from AerChemMIP, PDRMIP, and RFMIP S. Fiedler et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-2387-2024
- Evaluation of Sea Ice Radiative Forcing according to Surface Albedo and Skin Temperature over the Arctic from 1982–2015 N. Seong et al. 10.3390/rs14112512
- Radiative sensitivity quantified by a new set of radiation flux kernels based on the ECMWF Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) H. Huang & Y. Huang 10.5194/essd-15-3001-2023
- Radiative forcing reduced by early twenty-first century increase in land albedo Z. Hou et al. 10.1038/s41586-025-08987-z
- Effective radiative forcing from emissions of reactive gases and aerosols – a multi-model comparison G. Thornhill et al. 10.5194/acp-21-853-2021
- Nonlinear Coupling Between Longwave Radiative Climate Feedbacks H. Huang & Y. Huang 10.1029/2020JD033995
- Current-climate sea ice amount and seasonality as constraints for future Arctic amplification O. Linke et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/acf4b7
- Constraints on simulated past Arctic amplification and lapse rate feedback from observations O. Linke et al. 10.5194/acp-23-9963-2023
- Accounting for albedo change to identify climate-positive tree cover restoration N. Hasler et al. 10.1038/s41467-024-46577-1
Latest update: 07 Oct 2025
Short summary
Radiative kernels allow efficient diagnosis of climate feedbacks and radiative adjustments to an external forcing using standard climate model output. We present a radiative kernel derived from the UK Met Office's HadGEM3-GA7.1 climate model. We show that a highly resolved stratosphere is important for correctly diagnosing the stratospheric temperature adjustment to greenhouse gas forcings and, by extension, the instantaneous radiative forcing.
Radiative kernels allow efficient diagnosis of climate feedbacks and radiative adjustments to an...
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