HBPG-CO₂: a global gridded monthly anthropogenic CO₂ emission dataset at 0.05° resolution for 1970–2025

Abstract. Carbon dioxide emissions, as geospatial information, are necessary to analyze seasonal and regional variability, as well as the changing distribution of anthropogenic activity. However, the availability of continuous data with high spatial and temporal resolution is limited, both sectorial and global. Therefore, in this study, we present the Hierarchical Bayesian Physics-Guided Carbon Dioxide (HBPG-CO₂) emission dataset, a global dataset of emissions from multiple sources for energy, industry, buildings, land transport, agriculture, waste, and fuel production. This dataset is based on multi-information harmonization and downscaling using geospatial information from multiple sources (nighttime lighting, roads, land use, population, settlements, meteorology, and point source data support temporal reconstruction and spatial refinement), various emissions inventories such as annual and monthly data from the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), as well as the Open source Data Inventory for Anthropogenic Carbon dioxide (ODIAC), Community Emissions Data System (CEDS), and daily estimates by country and sector. To integrate all the data, a hierarchical Bayesian component is applied to reconstruct monthly variability outside the directly observed period, while a physics-based component restricts the specific spatial allocation for each sector and preserves emissions data, while also allowing for area expansion based on decision trees. Furthermore, the integration of fossil fuel-related covariates that are underrepresented or absent in the original EDGAR fields helps reconstruct this dataset spatially and temporally. The resulting dataset contains 672 monthly layers per sector and global layers corresponding to the date range from 1970-01 to 2025-12. Comparisons with CEDS, ODIAC, EDGAR, and other studies show strong temporal and spatial consistency, while also preserving additional small-scale structure. Therefore, HBPG-CO₂ provides a long-term, high-resolution, sector-specific emissions record for atmospheric inversion, Earth system modeling, carbon cycle analysis, and regional emissions assessment. The complete HBPG-CO₂ dataset is openly accessible through Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21507026 (Antezana Lopez, 2026).