ICEland-1: A geochronological database for reconstructing Late Quaternary glacier, relative sea level, and paleoclimate patterns in Iceland

Abstract. We present a comprehensive and quality-controlled chronological database for past glacier, relative sea level, and paleoclimate changes in Iceland during the Late Quaternary: ICEland-1. The database includes 1744 data points and metadata from 442 sites located in the marine and terrestrial realm, with dates derived from radiocarbon (¹⁴C), tephrochronology, and terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (TCN). Each date’s reliability has been assessed using a three-tier ranking system, following explicitly defined criteria modified from other recent ice sheet chronology databases. This filtering approach reveals significant spatiotemporal gaps in our understanding of Late Quaternary ice sheet, relative sea level, and paleoclimate variability in and around Iceland. We highlight several key avenues for future research that can help minimize existing spatiotemporal uncertainties and biases in the empirical data. The implementation of ICEland-1 for local ice sheet model calibrations and data-model comparisons will improve our understanding of past and future changes of ice sheets in the North Atlantic and Antarctica. The database is openly available at Ghub (https://theghub.org/resources/5320, Harning et al., 2026).