Preprints
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-26
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-26
26 Mar 2025
 | 26 Mar 2025
Status: this preprint is currently under review for the journal ESSD.

LARA: a Lagrangian Reanalysis based on ERA5 spanning from 1940 to 2023

Lucie Bakels, Michael Blaschek, Marina Dütsch, Andreas Plach, Vincent Lechner, Georg Brack, Leopold Haimberger, and Andreas Stohl

Abstract. Meteorological reanalyses are crucial datasets in atmospheric research, providing the foundation for many scientific applications. However, most reanalyses follow a Eulerian framework, providing data at specific, fixed points in space and time. This fixed-location approach is suitable for many scientific analyses, but studies focused on transport in the atmosphere would benefit from a Lagrangian framework, which provides data along dynamic, continuous trajectories following the movement of air.

To achieve this, the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART was driven off-line with data from ECMWF’s (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) latest reanalysis, ERA5, to convert the Eulerian ERA5 data into a Lagrangian format. FLEXPART utilises the grid-scale winds from ERA5 and stochastic parameterisations of turbulence and convection to advect particles in a domain-filling mode, where the global atmosphere is represented by 6 million particles that move freely in the atmosphere, with their number density following closely the density of air. The resulting new Lagrangian Reanalysis (LARA) dataset has been stored in an easily searchable database and made accessible to researchers all over the world. It will enable a wide range of studies, including global and regional analyses of extreme events, water and energy transport in the atmosphere, and atmospheric energy budgets.

Here, we describe the data format, and how the data can be accessed and analysed. Using four examples, we give a non-exhaustive list of possible applications for which LARA could be used for. We show methods for how the evolution of air masses and their properties can be studied, and how climatologies can be established. Our examples include a study of the evolution of the Hadley cell circulation, a climatology of warm conveyor belt events, a measure of continentality by time it takes air to reach land from the ocean, and an evaluation of the dynamical consistency between subsequent ERA5 meteorological fields.

Publisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors.
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Lucie Bakels, Michael Blaschek, Marina Dütsch, Andreas Plach, Vincent Lechner, Georg Brack, Leopold Haimberger, and Andreas Stohl

Status: open (until 04 May 2025)

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Lucie Bakels, Michael Blaschek, Marina Dütsch, Andreas Plach, Vincent Lechner, Georg Brack, Leopold Haimberger, and Andreas Stohl

Model code and software

FLEXPART 11 L. Bakels et al. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12706632

Lucie Bakels, Michael Blaschek, Marina Dütsch, Andreas Plach, Vincent Lechner, Georg Brack, Leopold Haimberger, and Andreas Stohl

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Short summary
Meteorological reanalyses are crucial datasets. Most reanalyses are Eulerian, providing data at specific, fixed points in space and time. When studying how air moves, it is more convenient to follow air masses through space and time, requiring a Lagrangian reanalysis (LARA). We explain how the LARA dataset is organized, and provide four examples of applications. These include studying the evolution of wind patterns, understanding weather systems, and measuring air mass travel time over land.
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