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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ESSDD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Earth System Science Data Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ESSDD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/essd-2026-807</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Morlenn: a three-hourly North Atlantic dataset of mixed-layer depth and subsurface stratification, merging ARGO, satellite observations, and atmospheric forcing</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gaultier</surname>
<given-names>Lucile</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5061-1622</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tripathi</surname>
<given-names>Parth</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Collard</surname>
<given-names>Fabrice</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>de Boyer Montégut</surname>
<given-names>Clément</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>OceanDataLab, Locmaria-Plouzané, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), F-29280 Plouzané, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>These authors contributed equally to this work.</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>28</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>44</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Lucile Gaultier et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-807/">This article is available from https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-807/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-807/essd-2026-807.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-807/essd-2026-807.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Mixed-layer depth (MLD) and the stratification beneath it are key to ocean&amp;ndash;atmosphere interactions, influencing how the upper ocean responds to atmospheric forcing. Their variability remains sparsely observed, particularly at subdaily timescales. Here we present Morlenn, a dataset of MLD and maximum buoyancy (Brunt-V&amp;auml;is&amp;auml;l&amp;auml;) frequency squared, N&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;max covering the North Atlantic and adjacent equatorial waters from 2011 to 2023, at 0.25&amp;deg; spacing and three-hourly intervals. The dataset is generated from ocean surface satellite observations, atmospheric fluxes and wave forcing history using a neural network trained on Argo individual observations of MLD and stratification. Two versions are provided, one using surface inputs alone and one additionally incorporating neighbouring Argo data. Evaluation combines the broad coverage of Argo with independent glider observations. Scored against Argo stations over 2011&amp;ndash;2023, the version using neighbouring data reaches an MLD RMS error of 38 m, against 45 m for ARMOR3D and 56 m for GLORYS on the same stations. It characterises MLD and &lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt; errors across regions and depth ranges, while spectral and diurnal-cycle analyses assess the variability represented by the product. Validation of subsurface stratification is less extensive. Morlenn provides new estimates of surface ocean mixed-layer depth and stratification for investigating upper-ocean variability, with documented limitations for shallow layers, extreme depths and very low salinity. The dataset is available at &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.17882/120058&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.17882/120058&lt;/a&gt; (Gaultier et al., 2026).</p>
</abstract>
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<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>European Space Agency</funding-source>
<award-id>UpperDyn project ESA Contract No. 4000146102/24/I-EB</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
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