With the rapid development of satellite observations of atmospheric composition and aerosols, long-term, independent, and standardized ground-based column measurements have become increasingly important for satellite product validation, retrieval error diagnosis, and multi-source data fusion. However, long-term ground-based column datasets covering multiple atmospheric constituents and processed using a unified framework remain limited in China. This study presents a ground-based dataset of multi-component vertical column densities (VCDs) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the Chinese Hyperspectral Vertical Remote Sensing Network for 2020–2025. The dataset includes VCDs of O<sub>3</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, HCHO, HONO, and SO<sub>2</sub>, together with AOD. It is based on observations from 53 MAX-DOAS sites across China, covering approximately 22.5–44.1° N and 80.1–122.7° E. The sites represent urban agglomerations, suburban transition zones, industrial areas, coastal and island environments, inland basins, arid and semi-arid regions, and the Tibetan Plateau. All observations were processed using a unified retrieval and quality-control framework to ensure consistency among sites and species. AOD has the broadest coverage, with 53 valid sites and 1073 valid site-months. NO<sub>2</sub> and HCHO each cover 52 sites and more than 1000 valid site-months. SO<sub>2</sub> and HONO cover 45 and 44 sites, respectively. O<sub>3</sub> covers 29 sites and 588 valid site-months. For valid months, the median monthly completeness is 83.9 % for O<sub>3</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, HCHO, and SO<sub>2</sub>, and 86.7 % for HONO and AOD. Comparisons with independent observations show correlation coefficients of 0.899, 0.734, and 0.551 for MAX-DOAS NO<sub>2</sub>, HCHO, and O<sub>3</sub> VCDs against satellite products, respectively. The correlation between AOD and AERONET is 0.879. Correlations of NO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, and O<sub>3</sub> VCDs with CNEMC surface observations are 0.720, 0.624, and 0.678, respectively. This dataset provides a long-term, independent, and standardized ground-based reference for validating satellite VCD and AOD products, diagnosing retrieval biases, supporting satellite–AI integration and bias correction, and evaluating chemical transport models. The dataset is freely available at Zenodo (<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22691855" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22691855</a>, Xing et al., 2026).