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<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ESSDD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Earth System Science Data Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ESSDD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1866-3591</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/essd-2026-735</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A global coastal tide model from multi-mission and wide-swath altimetry: GOAT-1C</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Monahan</surname>
<given-names>Thomas C.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3889-5551</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hart-Davis</surname>
<given-names>Michael G.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9342-0335</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Thom Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut, Technische Universität München (DGFI-TUM), Munich, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>14</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>31</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Thomas C. Monahan</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-735/">This article is available from https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-735/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-735/essd-2026-735.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-735/essd-2026-735.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>A new global coastal tide model for non-polar regions is presented: GOAT-1C. The GOAT-1C atlas makes use of an admittance-based empirical tide estimation approach to infer residual coastal tidal variability omitted by the FES2022 tidal atlas from a combination of OpenADB nadir altimetry and, for the first time, wide-swath observations from the Surface Water and Ocean Topography mission. This approach builds on the Global Operator-based Admittance Tidal process framework (GOAT) which treats the global oceanic tidal response as a continuous function that can be learned using a DeepONet neural operator. The model shows improved performance in coastal regions in terms of variance reduction, tide gauges, and shoreline imagery relative to FES2022. Independent SWOT Cal/Val validation indicates that approximately 1 % of coastal sea-level variance attributable to tidal-model error is associated with spatial structure resolved only at kilometre scales. Furthermore, using an ensemble approach, we provide per-constituent uncertainty estimates which allow users to understand where the product should be used and how much to trust it. Inclusion of wide-swath observations improves fine-scale corrections but must be handled with care. The final model and uncertainty estimates are released on a 4 km coastal grid.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="31"/></counts>
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