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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ESSDD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Earth System Science Data Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ESSDD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1866-3591</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/essd-2026-587</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>State of Wildfires 2025&amp;ndash;2026</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Burton</surname>
<given-names>Chantelle</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0201-5727</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff50">
<sup>50</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Di Giuseppe</surname>
<given-names>Francesca</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9829-0429</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff50">
<sup>50</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jones</surname>
<given-names>Matthew W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff50">
<sup>50</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kelley</surname>
<given-names>Douglas I.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1413-4969</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff50">
<sup>50</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Barbosa</surname>
<given-names>Maria L. F.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4702-2974</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>McNorton</surname>
<given-names>Joe</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Potts</surname>
<given-names>Robert</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Segura-Garcia</surname>
<given-names>Carlota</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8749-8360</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Abatzoglou</surname>
<given-names>John T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Alin Rosu</surname>
<given-names>Iulian</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6322-021X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Andela</surname>
<given-names>Niels</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Anderson</surname>
<given-names>Liana O.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Archibald</surname>
<given-names>Sally</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2786-3976</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Brambleby</surname>
<given-names>Esther</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1400-0628</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chuvieco</surname>
<given-names>Emilio</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5618-4759</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ciavarella</surname>
<given-names>Andy</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Clarke</surname>
<given-names>Hamish</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>de la Barrera</surname>
<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
<sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Di Bella</surname>
<given-names>Carlos M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Di Tomaso</surname>
<given-names>Enza</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
<sup>14</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dintwe</surname>
<given-names>Kebonye</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
<sup>15</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
<sup>16</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Doherty</surname>
<given-names>Tim S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
<sup>17</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Donovan</surname>
<given-names>Victoria M.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2906-5268</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
<sup>18</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Eden</surname>
<given-names>Jonathan M.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6632-177X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
<sup>19</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fernandes</surname>
<given-names>Paulo M.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0336-4398</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
<sup>20</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fiedler</surname>
<given-names>Lukas</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7164-5557</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
<sup>21</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
<sup>22</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Giglio</surname>
<given-names>Louis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">
<sup>23</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Haas</surname>
<given-names>Olivia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">
<sup>24</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hamilton</surname>
<given-names>Douglas</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8171-5723</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">
<sup>25</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hantson</surname>
<given-names>Stijn</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4607-9204</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">
<sup>26</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Harris</surname>
<given-names>Sarah</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2807-9529</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27">
<sup>27</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hartley</surname>
<given-names>Andrew J.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1905-9112</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Keeping</surname>
<given-names>Theodore R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">
<sup>28</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kolden</surname>
<given-names>Crystal A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kouassi</surname>
<given-names>Jean-Luc</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0222-2438</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">
<sup>29</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kukavskaya</surname>
<given-names>Elena</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30">
<sup>30</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lampe</surname>
<given-names>Seppe</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7907-4496</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
<sup>31</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Zhongwei</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6597-0401</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
<sup>32</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mataveli</surname>
<given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4645-0117</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Meier</surname>
<given-names>Sarah</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">
<sup>33</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Oom</surname>
<given-names>Duarte</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">
<sup>34</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Parrington</surname>
<given-names>Mark</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4313-6218</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
<sup>14</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Qu</surname>
<given-names>Yuquan</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6151-5898</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">
<sup>35</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Resco de Dios</surname>
<given-names>Victor</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36">
<sup>36</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ruffault</surname>
<given-names>Julien</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff37">
<sup>37</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sadegh</surname>
<given-names>Mojtaba</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1775-5445</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff38">
<sup>38</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Santín</surname>
<given-names>Cristina</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9901-2658</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff39">
<sup>39</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sedano</surname>
<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff40">
<sup>40</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Shuman</surname>
<given-names>Jacquelyn K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff41">
<sup>41</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Silva</surname>
<given-names>Patrícia S.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0410-2971</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff42">
<sup>42</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Spuler</surname>
<given-names>Fiona R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff43">
<sup>43</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Steinmann</surname>
<given-names>Carmen B.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3555-0462</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff44">
<sup>44</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tanpipat</surname>
<given-names>Veerachai</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff45">
<sup>45</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Torres-Vazquez</surname>
<given-names>Miguel Ángel</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8897-9337</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Turco</surname>
<given-names>Marco</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8589-7459</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff46">
<sup>46</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>van der Werf</surname>
<given-names>Guido R.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9042-8630</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff47">
<sup>47</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>van Wees</surname>
<given-names>Dave</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5565-7155</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Veraverbeke</surname>
<given-names>Sander</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1362-5125</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">
<sup>35</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wessel</surname>
<given-names>Jakob B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff48">
<sup>48</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zheng</surname>
<given-names>Bo</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8344-3445</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff49">
<sup>49</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast, Shinfield Park, Reading RG29AX, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia (UEA), Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK, NR4 7TJ</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Water and Climate Science, UK Centre for Ecology &amp; Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, 5200 N Lake Rd, Merced, CA 95343, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Laboratory of Atmospheric  Environment and Climate Change, Kounoupidiana, Chania 73100, Greece</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>BeZero Carbon Ltd, 25 Christopher Street, London, EC2A 2BS, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Astronautas Avenue 1758, São José dos Campos, 12227-010, Brazil</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>School of Animal Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Witwatersrand Johannesburg, Wits Science StadiumWest Campus, 9 Enoch Sontonga Ave, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2017, South Africa</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>10</label>
<addr-line>Department of Geology, Geography and Environment, Universidad de Alcalá, Environmental Remote Sensing Research Group, Calle Colegios 2, Alcalá de Henares 28801, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff11">
<label>11</label>
<addr-line>FLARE Wildfire Research, School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Grattan St, Parkville, 3010, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff12">
<label>12</label>
<addr-line>Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, Concepción, Chile</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff13">
<label>13</label>
<addr-line>Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información, University of Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (UBA/CONICET), Av. San Martin 4453   (1417), CABA, Argentina</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff14">
<label>14</label>
<addr-line>European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Robert-Schuman-Platz 3, 53175 Bonn, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff15">
<label>15</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental Science, University of Botswana, Plot 4775 Notwane Rd, Gaborone, Botswana</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff16">
<label>16</label>
<addr-line>The University of Hong Kong, Department of Geography</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff17">
<label>17</label>
<addr-line>Fire Science Program, Western Australian Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, Perth, 6005, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff18">
<label>18</label>
<addr-line>West Florida Research and Education Center, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University  of Florida, 5988 Highway 90, Milton, FL 32583, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff19">
<label>19</label>
<addr-line>Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, Wolston Ln, Ryton-on-Dunsmore, Coventry  CV8 3LG, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff20">
<label>20</label>
<addr-line>Departamento de Ciências Florestais e Arquitetura Paisagista, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Escola de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, 5000-801, Portugal</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff21">
<label>21</label>
<addr-line>Earth and Society Research Hub (ESRAH), University of Hamburg, Bundesstraße 57, 20146 Hamburg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff22">
<label>22</label>
<addr-line>IMPRS-ESM, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff23">
<label>23</label>
<addr-line>Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff24">
<label>24</label>
<addr-line>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l&apos;Environnement (LSCE), Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CEA-Orme des Merisiers, Point Courrier 129F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff25">
<label>25</label>
<addr-line>Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Science, North Carolina State University, 2800 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27603, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff26">
<label>26</label>
<addr-line>School of Sciences and Engineering, Universidad del Rosario, Calle 12C Nº 6-25, Bogota, Colombia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff27">
<label>27</label>
<addr-line>Fire Risk, Research and Community Preparedness, Country Fire Authority, Burwood East, Victoria, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff28">
<label>28</label>
<addr-line>Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, Weeks Building, 16-18 Prince&apos;s Gardens, London SW7 1NE, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff29">
<label>29</label>
<addr-line>UMRI Sciences Agronomiques et Procédés de Transformation, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Ecole Supérieure d&apos;Agronomie, BP 1093 Yamoussoukro, Côte d&apos;Ivoire</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff30">
<label>30</label>
<addr-line>Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Ecology, V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest Siberian Branch of the  Russian Academy of Sciences - separate subdivision of the FRC KSC SB RAS, 50/28 Akademgorodok,  Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russian Federation</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff31">
<label>31</label>
<addr-line>Water &amp; Climate, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff32">
<label>32</label>
<addr-line>National Centre for Earth Observation, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Space Park Leicester, 92 Corporation Road, Space City, Leicester, LE4 5SP, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff33">
<label>33</label>
<addr-line>Department of Management, Technology and Economics, ETH Zürich, Energy and Climate Economics, Zürichbergstrasse 18, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff34">
<label>34</label>
<addr-line>Forest and Climate, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Forestry, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff35">
<label>35</label>
<addr-line>Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1100, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff36">
<label>36</label>
<addr-line>Department of Forest and Agricultural Science and Engineering, University of Lleida, 25003 Lleida, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff37">
<label>37</label>
<addr-line>Unité de recherche Écologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de Recherche pour l&apos;Agriculture, l&apos;alimentation et l&apos;Environnement (INRAE), 228 route de l’Aérodrome, Avignon, 84914, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff38">
<label>38</label>
<addr-line>Civil Engineering, Boise State University, College of Engineering, 1910 University Drive , Boise ID, 83725-2060, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff39">
<label>39</label>
<addr-line>Biodiversity Research Institute (IMIB), CSIC-University of Oviedo-Principality of Asturias, Research Building, Mieres Campus, Mieres, 33600, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff40">
<label>40</label>
<addr-line>Disaster Risk Management Unit (E.1), Directorate E (Space, Security, and Migration), European Commission Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Rue du Champ de Mars 21, 1050 Brussels, Belgium</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff41">
<label>41</label>
<addr-line>Science and Innovation, Environmental Defense Fund, 2060 Broadway, Suite 300, Boulder, CO 80302, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff42">
<label>42</label>
<addr-line>School of the Environment, Yale University, 195 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff43">
<label>43</label>
<addr-line>ScaDS.AI Leipzig (Center for Scalable Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence), University of Leipzig, Humboldtstraße 25, 04105 Leipzig, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff44">
<label>44</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Universitätstrasse 22, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff45">
<label>45</label>
<addr-line>Forestry Research Center, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Upper ASEAN Wildland Fire Special Research Unit (WFSRU), 50 Ngamwongwan Rd, Lat Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff46">
<label>46</label>
<addr-line>Department of Physics, University of Murcia, Regional Atmospheric Modelling (MAR) Group, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum (CEIR), C. Campus Universitario, 11, 30100 Murcia, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff47">
<label>47</label>
<addr-line>Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3-3 A, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff48">
<label>48</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Meteorology, University of Leipzig, Stephanstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff49">
<label>49</label>
<addr-line>Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, University Town of Shenzhen,  Shenzhen, 518055, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff50">
<label>50</label>
<addr-line>These authors contributed equally to this work.</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>03</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>111</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Chantelle Burton et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-587/">This article is available from https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-587/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-587/essd-2026-587.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-587/essd-2026-587.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The global geography, behaviour, and impact of fires are shifting, as spatially varying human influences interact with a visibly changing climate. The State of Wildfires project systematically tracks global and regional fire activity, analyses the causes of prominent extreme wildfire events for three focal regions, and projects the likelihood of similar events under future climate scenarios. During the March 2025&amp;ndash;February 2026 fire season, global burned area (BA) was 18 % below the 2002&amp;ndash;2024 average and global fire carbon (C) emissions were also 20&amp;ndash;31 % below average, making it one of the lowest years on record. Yet this globally low fire year still produced widespread regional impacts. Canada experienced a third consecutive extreme fire year, with national fire C emissions at nearly triple the average since 2002, 70,000 evacuations, and reported direct losses of USD 360 million. In the Midwestern Canadian Shield Forests, the epicentre of Canada&amp;rsquo;s anomalous season, we find that anthropogenic climate change has doubled the likelihood of extreme fire weather in this region and made the observed BA around 61 times more likely during July&amp;ndash;August 2025, while BA extent in the region is 46 times greater. Many parts of Europe also experienced record or high-ranking BA and fire C emissions, including in Spain, Portugal, and the UK, and a record USD 4.11 billion of physical assets were exposed to fire across the continent. Direct fatalities occurred in T&amp;uuml;rkiye (17), Spain (8), Portugal (6), Cyprus (2), Greece (1) and France (1), and evacuations in T&amp;uuml;rkiye, Spain, and Greece totalled over 110,000. In the Northwest Iberian Peninsula, we find that extreme fire weather over August 2025 was around 3 times more likely due to climate change. Under a high-emissions scenario (SSP3-7.0), fires of the same return interval are likely to burn about 78 % more area by the end of the century, with some projections within the same scenario suggesting increases of around sevenfold. In Chile and northwest Argentina, January&amp;ndash;February 2026 fires caused 23 fatalities, displaced 55,000 people and threatened a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In the Chilean Temperate Forests and Matorral, the epicentre, we find that BA was around 36 % larger due to anthropogenic climate change. Across all focal regions in this report, the conditions for extreme fire developed gradually through months of precipitation deficits, cumulative drying and, in the case of Northwest Iberia, antecedent fuel accumulation aided by preceding wet periods. Continued climate change is expected to intensify these hydroclimatic extremes, yet mitigation has already reduced projected end-of-century wildfire risk: under a high-end emissions pathway (SSP3-7.0), the extreme BA events in our focal regions are projected to be 4&amp;ndash;23 % smaller than they would have been under a worst-case emissions scenario no longer considered credible (SSP5-8.5). Meeting the Paris targets (SSP1-2.6) would further reduce BA during these events by 5&amp;ndash;36 % across our focal regions. By integrating expertise from across the wildfire community with state-of-the-art observations, data, and modelling, this annual report advances understanding of regional wildfire extremes and their drivers, providing evidence to inform policy, preparedness, mitigation, adaptation, and broader societal benefit. Seventeen new and updated datasets created in this report are available from the State of Wildfires Project&apos;s Zenodo community (&lt;a href=&quot;https://zenodo.org/communities/stateofwildfiresproject/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot;&gt;https://zenodo.org/communities/stateofwildfiresproject/&lt;/a&gt;).</p>
</abstract>
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<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Department for Science, Innovation and Technology</funding-source>
<award-id>Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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<back>
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</article>