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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ESSDD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Earth System Science Data Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ESSDD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1866-3591</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/essd-2026-42</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Climatology of the Sea Temperature from Long-Term In Situ Observations: Northern Chilean Patagonia</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pujol</surname>
<given-names>Cécile</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7228-0254</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Barth</surname>
<given-names>Alexander</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2952-5997</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pérez-Santos</surname>
<given-names>Iván</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5804-9761</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Linford</surname>
<given-names>Pamela</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9390-3214</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Alvera-Azcárate</surname>
<given-names>Aida</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0484-4791</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>GeoHydrodynamics and Environment Research, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Centro de investigación i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica en el Pacífico Sur-Oriental COPAS COASTAL, Departamento de Oceanografía,  Universidad de Concepción, Chile</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>18</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>27</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Cécile Pujol et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-42/">This article is available from https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-42/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-42/essd-2026-42.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-42/essd-2026-42.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Ocean climatologies are essential for understanding the mean state and variability of marine systems, providing reference conditions for detecting anomalies, assessing ecosystem functioning and identifying long-term trends. In this study, we present the first high-resolution, four-dimensional temperature climatology for Northern Chilean Patagonia, a region characterised by the presence of a complex network of fjords and channels. The climatology was generated from approximately three million in situ observations collected over the past 75 years from multiple datasets. Using the Data Interpolating Variational Analysis (DIVAnd) tool, temperature fields were reconstructed with a horizontal resolution of about 900 m and over 32 vertical levels, producing monthly fields from the surface to 400 m depth. The resulting climatology accurately reproduces the main spatial and seasonal temperature patterns reported in previous studies. Surface temperatures show strong summer gradients between the open Pacific and Northern Patagonia, while enclosed regions such as Reloncav&amp;iacute; Sound, Comau and Puyuhuapi Fjords exhibit pronounced seasonal amplitude compared with the more stable Corcovado Gulf. Below surface, temperature gradients become smoother and the thermocline deepens in summer, typically ranging between 10 and 50 m. At 100 m depth, temperatures are relatively constant throughout the year, but spatial variations are still observed, with Ancud Gulf and Reloncav&amp;iacute; Sound being slightly warmer. This climatology provides a refined and physically consistent representation of the oceanographic structure of Northern Patagonia, offering an essential baseline for future modelling, monitoring and climate-change assessments in a region where satellite observations are limited by persistent cloud cover and complex topography. All climatologies generated in this study are freely available online.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="27"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS</funding-source>
<award-id>FRIA Grant</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
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