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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ESSDD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Earth System Science Data Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ESSDD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1866-3591</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/essd-2026-316</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>GSIM-PLUS: A Gap-Filled Global Monthly Streamflow Dataset for 1995&amp;ndash;2015</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Mingrui</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yong</surname>
<given-names>Bin</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1466-2091</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>Xinzhi</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8166-8355</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liao</surname>
<given-names>Weihong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Haichen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Jinxuan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Xiao</surname>
<given-names>jinyu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dai</surname>
<given-names>Wei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Jia</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1963-2799</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>State Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100000, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Global Energy Interconnection Group Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100000, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>School of Ocean Energy, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>24</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>32</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Mingrui Chen et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-316/">This article is available from https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-316/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-316/essd-2026-316.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-316/essd-2026-316.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Global monthly streamflow observations are fundamental for understanding changes in the water cycle, supporting large-sample hydrology, and informing water-resources assessments. However, currently available open station archives still suffer from substantial limitations in temporal continuity and spatial coverage. Here we present GSIM-PLUS, a gap-filled global monthly streamflow dataset for 1995&lt;span&gt;&amp;ndash;&lt;/span&gt;2015 designed to improve the completeness and reusability of global runoff records. Using the GSIM monthly archive as the basis, we identified 7,323 high-completeness anchor stations and 8,731 target stations from 30,959 gauges. Basin descriptors from five groups &lt;span&gt;&amp;ndash;&lt;/span&gt; climate, topography, soil, spatial location, and hydrology &lt;span&gt;&amp;ndash;&lt;/span&gt; were used to identify the most similar donor stations for each target site. Donor-Trend Recursive Regression (DTRR) was adopted as the default imputation method, with a guarded fallback to baseline MAML for a limited subset of very-low-flow stations in order to improve production stability under long recursive gaps. Multi-scenario validation shows that DTRR achieved the best overall performance under random 30 % masking (NSE = 0.865; KGE = 0.920) and remained robust for both 12-month continuous gaps (NSE = 0.795) and very long gaps exceeding 25 months (NSE = 0.511). Independent validation using 16 GRDC stations across six regions further confirmed good transferability, while indicating that temporal agreement was generally more robust than exact magnitude reconstruction under donor-limited or long-gap conditions. Under the guarded DTRR production scheme, GSIM-PLUS fills 303,271 missing monthly records for 16,054 stations, increasing the median completeness of target stations from 66.3 % to 81.0 % and that of the full dataset from 86.9 % to 95.2 %. Each released record is accompanied by quality and context metadata, including reconstruction class, gap length, fill method, and basin-context flags. GSIM-PLUS provides a more continuous and traceable global monthly streamflow resource for regional hydrological analysis, large-sample studies, model evaluation, and related monthly-scale applications. The GSIM-PLUS dataset is publicly available through Zenodo at &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21425702&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21425702&lt;/a&gt;.</p>
</abstract>
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