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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ESSDD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Earth System Science Data Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ESSDD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1866-3591</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/essd-2026-227</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A global hourly ISIMIP3 climate forcing dataset for impact modeling</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bechtold</surname>
<given-names>Michel</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8042-9792</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Poschlod</surname>
<given-names>Benjamin</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0247-2514</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Otto</surname>
<given-names>Christian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Volkholz</surname>
<given-names>Jan</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2533-3739</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Büchner</surname>
<given-names>Matthias</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zabel</surname>
<given-names>Florian</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2923-4412</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>KU Leuven, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Belgium</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Global Water Security, Hamburg University of Technology, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Research Unit Sustainability and Climate Risk, Earth and Society Research Hub (ESRAH), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 20144, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>20</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>14</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Michel Bechtold et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-227/">This article is available from https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-227/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-227/essd-2026-227.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2026-227/essd-2026-227.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Sub-daily climate data are increasingly important for climate-impact assessments because many processes, such as heat stress, hydrological extremes, land&amp;ndash;surface energy balance, and renewable-energy production, respond non-linearly to intra-day variability. Daily data miss short-duration events and obscure sub-daily inter-variable interactions, creating biases in impact estimates. To address these limitations and provide consistent forcing across sectors, we generated a global hourly climate dataset by temporally disaggregating the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (ISIMIP3) daily climate archives using the Temporal Disaggregation Tool (Teddy). The approach uses analogue-based hourly profiles from the bias-corrected WFDE5 (WATCH Forcing Data methodology applied to ERA5) reanalysis, preserves daily mass and energy, and maintains temporal coherence between variables. We illustrate the utility of the hourly data with four applications using the MPI Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) under ScenarioMIP pathway SSP3&amp;ndash;7.0: (1) the fraction of wet hours, revealing rainfall intermittency not captured by daily wet-day metrics; (2) the number of hours with dangerous heat-index values, capturing joint diurnal cycles of temperature and humidity; (3) hours with wind speeds suitable for onshore wind-power generation; and (4) photovoltaic power potential calculated from radiation, temperature, and wind speed at hourly resolution. We discuss the benefits of preserving inter-variable timing, along with limitations such as reduced spatial coherence at sub-daily scales and potential constraints under strong climate-change signals. The resulting hourly ISIMIP3 dataset provides a harmonized foundation for more realistic sub-daily climate-impact modeling across sectors.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="14"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Belgian Federal Science Policy Office</funding-source>
<award-id>SR/00/414</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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