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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ESSDD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Earth System Science Data Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ESSDD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1866-3591</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/essd-2025-511</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>GSSM-10 (Global 10-m Surface Soil Moisture) Derived from Multi-Sensor Data and Ensemble Learning</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Xu</surname>
<given-names>Nuo</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6861-3482</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Daccache</surname>
<given-names>Andre</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ahmadi</surname>
<given-names>Arman</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, 95616, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>16</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2025</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>24</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Nuo Xu et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2025-511/">This article is available from https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2025-511/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2025-511/essd-2025-511.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2025-511/essd-2025-511.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Satellite-driven soil moisture monitoring systems currently available fail to meet the spatial resolution requirement for a wide range of applications. This limitation is particularly critical for agricultural water management, assessing risks associated with extreme events, and hydrological modeling. This work aims to address the spatial limitations of satellite soil moisture remote sensing by developing GSSM-10, a global 10-meter resolution surface soil moisture dataset, using multi-sensor datasets integrated within an ensemble machine learning framework. These datasets encompass diverse data types&amp;mdash;active microwave, multispectral, thermal infrared, and land elevation&amp;mdash;offering a robust and comprehensive approach to estimating surface soil moisture (SSM). The ensemble model incorporates TabNet, Random Forest (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). The model was trained on ground-truth data collected from the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN). The ensemble model demonstrated robust performance, achieving an R&amp;sup2; of 0.8344, a bias of &amp;ndash;0.0001, an RMSE of 0.0433 m&amp;sup3;/m&amp;sup3;, and an ubRMSE of 0.0433 m&amp;sup3;/m&amp;sup3; in 5-fold cross-validation. When evaluated on a held-out test set, the model achieved similar levels of accuracy, with an R&amp;sup2; of 0.8591, a bias of &amp;ndash;0.0002 m&amp;sup3;/m&amp;sup3;, and an RMSE/ubRMSE of 0.0401 m&amp;sup3;/m&amp;sup3;. An interactive web platform has been developed for data access, visualization, and download, enabling broad adoption by researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. By providing globally consistent, high-resolution SM estimates, GSSM-10 represents a significant advancement in satellite-based soil moisture monitoring for environmental and agricultural applications.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="24"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
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