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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ESSDD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Earth System Science Data Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ESSDD</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1866-3591</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/essd-2025-14</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Satellite-based Analysis of Ocean-Surface Stress across the Ice-free and Ice-covered Polar Oceans</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Chao</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3823-3152</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yu</surname>
<given-names>Lisan</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4157-9154</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>06</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2025</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>33</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2025 Chao Liu</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2025-14/">This article is available from https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2025-14/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2025-14/essd-2025-14.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2025-14/essd-2025-14.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Ocean-surface stress is a critical driver of polar sea ice dynamics, air-sea interactions, and ocean circulation. This work provides a daily analysis of ocean-surface stress on 25-km Equal-Area Scalable Earth (EASE) Grids across the ice-free and ice-covered regions of the polar oceans (2011&amp;ndash;2018 for Arctic, 2013&amp;ndash;2018 for Antarctic), covering latitudes north of 60&amp;deg; N in the Arctic and south of 50&amp;deg; S in the Antarctic and Southern Ocean. Ocean-surface stress is calculated using a bulk parameterization approach that combines ocean-surface winds, ice motion vectors, and sea surface height (SSH) data from multiple satellite platforms. The analysis captures significant spatial and temporal variability in ocean-surface wind stress and the resultant wind-driven Ekman transport, while providing enhanced spatiotemporal resolution. Two sensitivity analyses are conducted to address key sources of uncertainty. The first addresses the fine-scale variability in SSH fields, which was mitigated using a 150-km Gaussian filter to smooth three-day SSH datasets and enhance compatibility with the other monthly product, followed by linear interpolation to achieve daily resolution. The second investigates uncertainty in the ice-water drag coefficient, which revealed that variations in the coefficient have a proportional influence on the computed ocean-surface stress under the tested conditions. These uncertainties are most pronounced during winter, with median values reaching 20 % in the Arctic and 40 % in the Southern Ocean. Validation efforts utilized Ice-Tethered Profiler velocity records, revealing moderate correlations (r = 0.6&amp;ndash;0.8) at monthly timescales, effectively capturing low-frequency signals but with small northward biases. Satellite-derived velocity fields, including both Ekman and geostrophic components, explain 40&amp;ndash;50 % of the total variance. The unexplained variance reflects unresolved processes, such as mesoscale dynamics and other unparameterized factors. This dataset is publicly available at &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14750492&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14750492&lt;/a&gt; (Liu &amp;amp; Yu, 2024).</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="33"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</funding-source>
<award-id>80NSSC23K0981</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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