Preprints
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-78
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-78
11 Apr 2023
 | 11 Apr 2023
Status: this preprint is currently under review for the journal ESSD.

LCM2021 – The UK Land Cover Map 2021

Christopher G. Marston, Aneurin W. O'Neil, R. Daniel Morton, Claire M. Wood, and Clare S. Rowland

Abstract. Land cover is a key environmental variable, underpinning widespread environmental research and decision-making. The UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UKCEH) have provided reliable land cover information since the early 1990’s; this supports multiple scientific, government and commercial objectives. Recent advances in computation and satellite data availability have enabled annual UKCEH land cover maps since 2017. Here we introduce the latest, annual UK Land Cover Map, representing 2021 (LCM2021) and describe its production and validation. LCM2021 methods replicate those for LCM2017 to LCM2020 with minor deviations to enhance accuracy. LCM2021 is based on the classification of satellite and spatial context data into 21 land cover/habitat classes, from which a product suite is derived. The production of LCM2021 involved three highly automated key stages: pre-processing of input data, image classification and production of the final data products. Google Earth Engine scripts were used to create an input data stack of satellite and context data. A set of training areas was created, based on data harvested from historic UKCEH land cover maps. The training data were used to construct a Random Forest classifier, which yielded classified images. Compiled results were validated against 35,182 reference samples, with correspondence tables indicating variable class accuracy and an overall accuracy of 82.6 % for the 21-class data and 86.5 % at a 10 aggregated-class level. 

The UK Land Cover Map product suite includes a set of raster products in various projections, thematic and spatial resolutions (10 m, 25 m and 1 km) and land-parcel/vector product. The data are provided in 21-class (all configurations) and aggregated 10-class versions (1 km raster products only). All raster products are freely available for academic and non-commercial research. The data for Great Britain (GB) are provided in the British National Grid projection (https://epsg.io/27700) and the Northern Ireland (NI) data are in the TM75 Irish National Grid (https://epsg.io/29903). Information on how to access the data is given in the Data Availability section of the paper.

Christopher G. Marston et al.

Status: open (until 08 Jul 2023)

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse

Christopher G. Marston et al.

Data sets

Land Cover Map 2021 (10m classified pixels, GB) C. Marston, C. S. Rowland, A. W. O’Neil, and R. D. Morton https://doi.org/10.5285/a22baa7c-5809-4a02-87e0-3cf87d4e223a

Land Cover Map 2021 (10m classified pixels, N. Ireland) C. Marston, C. S. Rowland, A. W. O’Neil, and R. D. Morton https://doi.org/10.5285/e44ae9bd-fa32-4aab-9524-fbb11d34a20a

Land Cover Map 2021 (25m rasterised land parcels, GB) C. Marston, C. S. Rowland, A. W. O’Neil, and R. D. Morton https://doi.org/10.5285/a1f85307-cad7-4e32-a445-84410efdfa70

Land Cover Map 2021 (25m rasterised land parcels, N. Ireland) C. Marston, C. S. Rowland, A. W. O’Neil, and R. D. Morton https://doi.org/10.5285/f3310fe1-a6ea-4cdd-b9f6-f7fc66e4652e

Land Cover Map 2021 (1km summary rasters, GB and N. Ireland) C. Marston, C. S. Rowland, A. W. O’Neil, and R. D. Morton https://doi.org/10.5285/a3ff9411-3a7a-47e1-9b3e-79f21648237d

Christopher G. Marston et al.

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Short summary
The UK Land Cover Map 2021 (LCM2021) is a UK-wide land cover data set, with 21- and 10-class versions. It is intended to support a broad range of UK environmental research, including ecological and hydrological research. LCM2021 was produced by classifying Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. LCM2021 is distributed as a suite of products to facilitate easy-use for a range of applications. To support research at different spatial scales it includes 10 m, 25 m and 1 km resolution products.