the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
A 12-Year Climate Record of Wintertime Wave-Affected Marginal Ice Zones in the Atlantic Arctic based on CryoSat-2
Abstract. Wave-affected marginal ice zone (MIZ) is an integral part of the sea ice cover and key to the atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction in the polar region. While we mainly rely on in-situ campaigns for studying MIZs, great challenges still exist for the remote sensing of the MIZs by satellites. In this study we develop a novel retrieval algorithm for wave-affected MIZs based on the delay-Doppler radar altimeter onboard CryoSat-2 (CS2). CS2 waveform power and the waveform stack statistics are used to determine the part of the ice cover affected by waves. Based on the CS2 data since 2010, we generate a climate record of wave-affected MIZs in the Atlantic Arctic, spanning 12 winters between 2010 and 2022. As indicated by the MIZ record, no significant change of either the mean MIZ width or the extreme width is detected, although large temporal and spatial variability is present. In particular, extremely wide MIZs (over 300 km) are observed in the Barents Sea, while in other part of the Atlantic Arctic, MIZs are generally narrower. We also compare the CS2-based retrieval with those based on the laser altimeter of ICESat2 and the synthetic aperture radar images from Sentinel-1. Under spatial and temporal collocation, we attain good agreement among the MIZ retrievals based on the three different types of satellite payloads. Moreover, the traditional sea ice concentration based definition MIZ yields systematically narrower MIZs than CS2, and there is no statistically significant correlation between the two. Besides CS2, the proposed retrieval algorithm can be adapted for various historical and future radar altimetry campaigns. The synergy of multiple satellites can further improve the spatial and temporal representation of the altimeters' observation of the MIZs.
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RC1: 'Comment on essd-2023-243', Anonymous Referee #1, 04 Oct 2023
The paper is concerned with the estimation of the depth of MIZ affected by the penetration of incoming ocean waves using the altimeter onboard CS2. The wave-affected sea ice regions were identified from two distinctive features of the CS2 waveform characteristics, namely the Stack standard Deviation (SSD) and the Trailing Edge Shape (TES) parameters. An inversion procedure was thus developed and applied in the MIZs of the Atlantic sector of the Arctic over 12 winters from 2010 to 2022. ICESat2 data and Sentinel-1 SAR images were used for comparison to validate the CS2 retrievals.
The paper is well-written and the inversion methodology is accurately described. Results are also discussed in comprehensive detail.
I have only a few minor remarks as suggestions for the authors:
p. 1 last row: Besides frictional processes, wave attenuation in sea ice occurs also as a result of the energy scattering among floes.
p. 2 rows 35-40: For completeness, it would be useful to mention that spaceborne SAR can image with spatial modes able to distinguish short waves that decay within the first tens of kilometers inside the ice edge of the MIZ. These MIZ regions are typically formed by frazil, grease, and pancake ice, which are becoming the most populated ice types in the Arctic (Wadhams et al. 2018; De Carolis et al. 2021).
Wadhams, P., Aulicino, G., Parmiggiani, F., Persson, P. O. G., & Holt, B. (2018). Pancake ice thickness mapping in the Beaufort Sea from wave dispersion observed in SAR imagery. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123, 2213–2237. https://doi.org/10.1002/
2017JC013003De Carolis, G., Olla, P. & De Santi, F. SAR image wave spectra to retrieve the thickness of grease-pancake sea ice using viscous wave propagation models. Sci Rep 11, 2733 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82228-x
p. 7 rows 155-160: How reliable is it to use the sigma0 and its variability information in cases of extreme winds to detect the MIZ boundary?p. 9 row 200: "scanning of in the whole..." may be missing a word after "of".
Please revise figure captions: symbols, colored lines, and boxes should be explained in more detail.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-243-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Shiming Xu, 19 Dec 2023
The authors thank the referee for the invaluable comments to the manuscript. The reply is provided as the attachment.
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RC3: 'Reply on AC1', Anonymous Referee #1, 19 Dec 2023
Thank you for the constructive replies to my comments. I agree with the changes in the manuscript.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-243-RC3
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RC3: 'Reply on AC1', Anonymous Referee #1, 19 Dec 2023
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Shiming Xu, 19 Dec 2023
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RC2: 'Comment on essd-2023-243', Guillaume Boutin, 28 Nov 2023
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Shiming Xu, 19 Dec 2023
Data sets
Climate Record of Wintertime Wave-Affected Marginal Ice Zones in the Atlantic Arctic based on CryoSat-2,2010-2022 Weixin Zhu, Siqi Liu, Shiming Xu and Lu Zhou https://zenodo.org/record/8083512
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