A dataset of energy, water vapor and carbon exchange observations in oasis-desert areas from 2012 to 2021 in a typical endorheic basin

Liu, Shaomin; Xu, Ziwei; Che, Tao; Li, Xin; Xu, Tongren; Ren, Zhiguo; Zhang, Yang; Tan, Junlei; Song, Lisheng; Zhou, Ji; Zhu, Zhongli; Yang, Xiaofan; Liu, Rui; Ma, Yanfei

doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-149

Preprints

https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-149

Preprints

06 Jun 2023

| 06 Jun 2023

Status: a revised version of this preprint was accepted for the journal ESSD and is expected to appear here in due course.

A dataset of energy, water vapor and carbon exchange observations in oasis-desert areas from 2012 to 2021 in a typical endorheic basin

Shaomin Liu, Ziwei Xu, Tao Che, Xin Li, Tongren Xu, Zhiguo Ren, Yang Zhang, Junlei Tan, Lisheng Song, Ji Zhou, Zhongli Zhu, Xiaofan Yang, Rui Liu, and Yanfei Ma

Abstract. Oases and deserts generally act as a landscape matrix and mosaic in arid/semiarid regions. The significant difference of thermal and dynamic characteristics between oasis and desert surface will result in oasis-desert interaction. That is, the interaction between oasis and desert system through the exchange of momentum, energy, water and carbon, which can lead to a series of microclimate effects that affect the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer, changes of carbon sources/sinks in oasis and the local ecological environment. Therefore, studying water, heat and carbon exchange is significant for achieving the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in oasis-desert areas and supporting the ecological security and sustainable development of oases. To monitor energy, water vapor and carbon exchange between the land surface and atmosphere, a land surface process integrated observatory was established in the oasis-desert area in the middle and lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin, the 2^nd largest endorheic basin in China. In this study, we present a suite of observational datasets in artificial and natural oases-desert systems, which consist of long-term energy, water vapor, carbon/methane fluxes, and auxiliary data involving hydrometeorology, vegetation and soil parameters from 2012 to 2021. Half-hourly turbulent flux data were acquired by an eddy covariance system and scintillometer. The hydrometeorological data, including radiation, soil heat flux and soil temperature profile, gradient of air temperature/humidity and wind speed/direction, air pressure, precipitation and soil moisture profiles, were observed from automatic weather stations with a 10-minute average period as well as the groundwater table data. Moreover, vegetation and soil parameters were also supplemented in the datasets. Careful data processing and quality control are implemented during data production, including data collection, processing, archiving and sharing. The current datasets can be used to explore the water-heat-carbon process and its influence mechanism, calibrate and validate related remote sensing products, simulate energy, water vapor and carbon exchange in oasis and desert areas, and provide references and representatives for other similar artificial and natural oases along the Silk Road. The datasets are available from the National Tibetan Plateau Third Pole Environment.

Received: 20 Apr 2023 – Discussion started: 06 Jun 2023

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Shaomin Liu et al.

Status: closed

RC1:
'Comment on essd-2023-149', Anonymous Referee #1, 31 Jul 2023

“A dataset of energy, water vapor and carbon exchange observations in oasis-desert areas from 2012 to 2021 in a typical endorheic basin” provides a comprehensive description of hydrometeorological data observations over 2012-2021 in the Heihe River Basin in northern China. This includes descriptions of station locations, instrumentation and set up, data collection, and data summaries. The data network is located in a narrow, focused area, but provides a great contrast between desert and oases environments. This is a high-quality data description paper with a strong justification for an observational network in this region. I have very few comments for minor improvements.
Lines 157-158: could the authors provide more details about the cryosphere, given the importance for water supply. For example, snow covered season and typical snowpack magnitude.
Line 167: recommend revising to (Table 1; Section 2.2) so that the reader knows where ‘superstation’ is defined
Line 217 and 253: Figures 2 and 3. It would be useful to provide a scale on this map so the reader can estimate distance between stations
Lines 315;216: This is a great flowchart!
Line 373: What is included in ‘etc.?’ and can that be added to the list rather than referred to as ‘etc’
Lines 376, 415, 475: subtitles 4.2.1, 4.2.2, and 4.2.3 should be bold

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-149-RC1
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Ziwei Xu, 27 Aug 2023
  
  We are grateful to reviewer for the effort reviewing our manuscript and the positive feedback. We have revised the manuscript accordingly, and our point-by-point response are presented in below (also in the supplement). We hope the reply is satisfied to the reviewer’s comments.
  “A dataset of energy, water vapor and carbon exchange observations in oasis-desert areas from 2012 to 2021 in a typical endorheic basin” provides a comprehensive description of hydrometeorological data observations over 2012-2021 in the Heihe River Basin in northern China. This includes descriptions of station locations, instrumentation and set up, data collection, and data summaries. The data network is located in a narrow, focused area, but provides a great contrast between desert and oases environments. This is a high-quality data description paper with a strong justification for an observational network in this region. I have very few comments for minor improvements.
  Response: Thanks for the constructive comments.
  Lines 157-158: could the authors provide more details about the cryosphere, given the importance for water supply. For example, snow covered season and typical snowpack magnitude.
  Response: The upper reaches of Heihe river basin is the water supply to the middle and lower reaches. In the upper reaches, glaciers, snow cover and frozen ground is widely distributed, and snowfall could occur in any season in the high-altitude mountainous regions (elevation >3800 m). In January and February, snowfall events were rare in historical records due to the relatively low moisture in the atmosphere, while spring and autumn (i.e., March to May, October to November) are considered two main snowfall seasons. The typical snow depth is 15-30 cm with a duration of 90-120 days in the snow-covered regions. However, drifting snow is also commonly observed in the region, which may lead to the redistribution of snowpack in high-elevation regions (Che et al., 2019). The observations in the upper reaches of Heihe river basin were described in Che et al. (2019) and observation data were also released.
  We have also added related descriptions in the revised manuscript in lines 158-161. “In the upper reaches, glaciers, snow cover and frozen ground is widely distributed and snowfall could occur in any season (elevation >3800 m). The typical snow depth is 15-30 cm with a duration of 90-120 days in the snow-covered regions (Che et al., 2012; Che et al., 2019).”
  Line 167: recommend revising to (Table 1; Section 2.2) so that the reader knows where ‘superstation’ is defined
  Response: We have revised accordingly. Please see lines 170-171. “…regions since 2012 with two superstations and eleven ordinary stations (Table 1; Section 2.2), …”
  Line 217 and 253: Figures 2 and 3. It would be useful to provide a scale on this map so the reader can estimate distance between stations
  Response: These two figures (Fig. 2 and 3) have been revised accordingly.
  Lines 315; 216: This is a great flowchart!
  Response: Thanks!
  Line 373: What is included in ‘etc.?’ and can that be added to the list rather than referred to as ‘etc’
  Response: We have revised accordingly. Please see lines 385-386. “…speed and direction, air pressure, precipitation, soil moisture profiles, infrared temperature, and groundwater table in the lower reaches.”
  Lines 376, 415, 475: subtitles 4.2.1, 4.2.2, and 4.2.3 should be bold
  Response: Done.
  References:
  Che, T., Dai, L.Y., Wang, J., Zhao, K., and Liu, Q: Estimation of snow depth and snow water equivalent distribution using airborne microwave radiometry in the Binggou Watershed, the upper reaches of the Heihe River basin, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs., 17, 23-32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2011.10.014, 2012.
  Che, T., Li, X., Liu, S.M., Li, H.Y., Xu, Z.W., Tan, J.L., Zhang, Y., Ren, Z.G., Xiao, L., Deng, J., Jin, R., Ma, M.G., Wang, J., and Yang, X.F.: Integrated hydrometeorological, snow and frozen-ground observations in the alpine region of the Heihe River Basin, China, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1483–1499, 2019.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-149-AC1
RC2:
'Comment on essd-2023-149', Anonymous Referee #2, 02 Aug 2023
This study with a title of “A dataset of energy, water vapor and carbon exchange observations in oasis-desert areas from 2012 to 2021 in a typical endorheic basin” has been seriously reviewed. Overall, this paper is well organized, including written English and structures. Importantly, I believe that this dataset can provide valuable data to explore the water-heat-carbon process and its influence mechanism, calibrate and validate related remote sensing products, simulate energy, water vapor and carbon exchange in oasis and desert areas. Now, I have only several suggestions for this study, and recommended it to be accepted after a minor revision.
In section 3, it is better to show more detailed information about the post-processing of the data, e.g., missing values, and energy imbalance (which method was used for this data).

In section 4, how did the authors process the data points with missing values before drawing these figures?

Maybe it is better to show figure 10 using the shaded maps (like Figure 11) for each time of a day. Why figure 10 was drawn with data of typical days rather the whole observation period (e.g., multi-year mean)?
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-149-RC2
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Ziwei Xu, 27 Aug 2023
  
  We are grateful to reviewer for the effort reviewing our manuscript and the positive feedback. We have revised the manuscript accordingly, and our point-by-point response are presented in the supplement. We hope the reply is satisfied to the reviewer's comments.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-149-AC2

Status: closed

RC1:
'Comment on essd-2023-149', Anonymous Referee #1, 31 Jul 2023

“A dataset of energy, water vapor and carbon exchange observations in oasis-desert areas from 2012 to 2021 in a typical endorheic basin” provides a comprehensive description of hydrometeorological data observations over 2012-2021 in the Heihe River Basin in northern China. This includes descriptions of station locations, instrumentation and set up, data collection, and data summaries. The data network is located in a narrow, focused area, but provides a great contrast between desert and oases environments. This is a high-quality data description paper with a strong justification for an observational network in this region. I have very few comments for minor improvements.
Lines 157-158: could the authors provide more details about the cryosphere, given the importance for water supply. For example, snow covered season and typical snowpack magnitude.
Line 167: recommend revising to (Table 1; Section 2.2) so that the reader knows where ‘superstation’ is defined
Line 217 and 253: Figures 2 and 3. It would be useful to provide a scale on this map so the reader can estimate distance between stations
Lines 315;216: This is a great flowchart!
Line 373: What is included in ‘etc.?’ and can that be added to the list rather than referred to as ‘etc’
Lines 376, 415, 475: subtitles 4.2.1, 4.2.2, and 4.2.3 should be bold

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-149-RC1
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Ziwei Xu, 27 Aug 2023
  
  We are grateful to reviewer for the effort reviewing our manuscript and the positive feedback. We have revised the manuscript accordingly, and our point-by-point response are presented in below (also in the supplement). We hope the reply is satisfied to the reviewer’s comments.
  “A dataset of energy, water vapor and carbon exchange observations in oasis-desert areas from 2012 to 2021 in a typical endorheic basin” provides a comprehensive description of hydrometeorological data observations over 2012-2021 in the Heihe River Basin in northern China. This includes descriptions of station locations, instrumentation and set up, data collection, and data summaries. The data network is located in a narrow, focused area, but provides a great contrast between desert and oases environments. This is a high-quality data description paper with a strong justification for an observational network in this region. I have very few comments for minor improvements.
  Response: Thanks for the constructive comments.
  Lines 157-158: could the authors provide more details about the cryosphere, given the importance for water supply. For example, snow covered season and typical snowpack magnitude.
  Response: The upper reaches of Heihe river basin is the water supply to the middle and lower reaches. In the upper reaches, glaciers, snow cover and frozen ground is widely distributed, and snowfall could occur in any season in the high-altitude mountainous regions (elevation >3800 m). In January and February, snowfall events were rare in historical records due to the relatively low moisture in the atmosphere, while spring and autumn (i.e., March to May, October to November) are considered two main snowfall seasons. The typical snow depth is 15-30 cm with a duration of 90-120 days in the snow-covered regions. However, drifting snow is also commonly observed in the region, which may lead to the redistribution of snowpack in high-elevation regions (Che et al., 2019). The observations in the upper reaches of Heihe river basin were described in Che et al. (2019) and observation data were also released.
  We have also added related descriptions in the revised manuscript in lines 158-161. “In the upper reaches, glaciers, snow cover and frozen ground is widely distributed and snowfall could occur in any season (elevation >3800 m). The typical snow depth is 15-30 cm with a duration of 90-120 days in the snow-covered regions (Che et al., 2012; Che et al., 2019).”
  Line 167: recommend revising to (Table 1; Section 2.2) so that the reader knows where ‘superstation’ is defined
  Response: We have revised accordingly. Please see lines 170-171. “…regions since 2012 with two superstations and eleven ordinary stations (Table 1; Section 2.2), …”
  Line 217 and 253: Figures 2 and 3. It would be useful to provide a scale on this map so the reader can estimate distance between stations
  Response: These two figures (Fig. 2 and 3) have been revised accordingly.
  Lines 315; 216: This is a great flowchart!
  Response: Thanks!
  Line 373: What is included in ‘etc.?’ and can that be added to the list rather than referred to as ‘etc’
  Response: We have revised accordingly. Please see lines 385-386. “…speed and direction, air pressure, precipitation, soil moisture profiles, infrared temperature, and groundwater table in the lower reaches.”
  Lines 376, 415, 475: subtitles 4.2.1, 4.2.2, and 4.2.3 should be bold
  Response: Done.
  References:
  Che, T., Dai, L.Y., Wang, J., Zhao, K., and Liu, Q: Estimation of snow depth and snow water equivalent distribution using airborne microwave radiometry in the Binggou Watershed, the upper reaches of the Heihe River basin, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs., 17, 23-32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2011.10.014, 2012.
  Che, T., Li, X., Liu, S.M., Li, H.Y., Xu, Z.W., Tan, J.L., Zhang, Y., Ren, Z.G., Xiao, L., Deng, J., Jin, R., Ma, M.G., Wang, J., and Yang, X.F.: Integrated hydrometeorological, snow and frozen-ground observations in the alpine region of the Heihe River Basin, China, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1483–1499, 2019.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-149-AC1
RC2:
'Comment on essd-2023-149', Anonymous Referee #2, 02 Aug 2023
This study with a title of “A dataset of energy, water vapor and carbon exchange observations in oasis-desert areas from 2012 to 2021 in a typical endorheic basin” has been seriously reviewed. Overall, this paper is well organized, including written English and structures. Importantly, I believe that this dataset can provide valuable data to explore the water-heat-carbon process and its influence mechanism, calibrate and validate related remote sensing products, simulate energy, water vapor and carbon exchange in oasis and desert areas. Now, I have only several suggestions for this study, and recommended it to be accepted after a minor revision.
In section 3, it is better to show more detailed information about the post-processing of the data, e.g., missing values, and energy imbalance (which method was used for this data).

In section 4, how did the authors process the data points with missing values before drawing these figures?

Maybe it is better to show figure 10 using the shaded maps (like Figure 11) for each time of a day. Why figure 10 was drawn with data of typical days rather the whole observation period (e.g., multi-year mean)?
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-149-RC2
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Ziwei Xu, 27 Aug 2023
  
  We are grateful to reviewer for the effort reviewing our manuscript and the positive feedback. We have revised the manuscript accordingly, and our point-by-point response are presented in the supplement. We hope the reply is satisfied to the reviewer's comments.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-149-AC2

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Short summary

We present a suite of observational datasets in artificial and natural oases-desert systems, which consist of long-term turbulent flux and auxiliary data involving hydrometeorology, vegetation and soil parameters from 2012 to 2021.We confirm that the 10-year long-term dataset presented in this study is of high quality with few missing data and believe that the datasets will support ecological security and sustainable development in oasis-desert areas.


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