<p>Accurate and spatially explicit information on global crop yield is paramount for guiding policy-making and ensuring food security. However, most public datasets are at coarse resolution in both space and time. Here, we used data-driven models to develop a 4-km dataset of global wheat yield (GlobalWheatYield4km) from 1982 to 2020. First, we proposed a phenology-based approach to map spatial distributions of spring and winter wheat. Then we determined the optimal grid-scale yield estimation model by comparing the performance of two data-driven models (i.e., Random Forest (RF) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)), with publicly available data (i.e., satellite and climatic data from the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, soil properties, and subnational-level census data covering ~11000 political units). The results showed that GlobalWheatYield4km captured 82 % of yield variations with RMSE of 619.8 kg/ha across all subnational regions and years. In addition, our dataset had a higher accuracy (R<sup>2</sup> ~0.71) as compared with Spatial Production Allocation Model (SPAM) (R<sup>2</sup> ~ 0.49) across all subnational regions and three years. The GlobalWheatYield4km dataset might play important roles in modelling crop system and assessing climate impact over larger areas (DOI of the referenced dataset: <a href="https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.10025006" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.10025006</a>; Luo et al., 2022b).</p>