the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
An enhanced integrated water vapour dataset from more than 10,000 global ground-based GPS stations in 2020
- 1Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Geodetic Institute, Karlsruhe, BW, Germany
- 2Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
- 3Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- 4NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, USA
- 5Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium
- 6Wuhan University, GNSS Research Center, Wuhan, China
- 7Curtin University, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Perth, Australia
- 1Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Geodetic Institute, Karlsruhe, BW, Germany
- 2Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
- 3Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- 4NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, USA
- 5Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium
- 6Wuhan University, GNSS Research Center, Wuhan, China
- 7Curtin University, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Perth, Australia
Abstract. We developed a high-quality global Integrated Water Vapour (IWV) dataset from 12,552 ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) stations in 2020. It consists of 5-min GPS IWV estimates with a total number of 1,093,591,492 datapoints. The completeness rates of the IWV estimates are higher than 95 % at 7253 (58 %) stations. The dataset is an enhanced version of the existing operational GPS IWV dataset provided by Nevada Geodetic Laboratory (NGL). The enhancement is reached by employing accurate meteorological information from the fifth generation of European ReAnalysis (ERA5) for the GPS IWV retrieval with a significantly higher spatiotemporal resolution. A dedicated data screening algorithm is also implemented. The GPS IWV dataset has a good agreement with in-situ radiosonde observations at 182 collocated stations worldwide. The IWV biases are within ±3.0 kg m-2 with a Mean Absolute Bias (MAB) value of 0.69 kg m-2. The standard deviations (SD) of IWV differences are no larger than 3.4 kg m-2. In addition, the enhanced IWV product shows substantial improvements compared to NGL’s operational version, and it is thus recommended for high-accuracy applications, such as research of extreme weather events and diurnal variations of IWV, and intercomparisons with other IWV retrieval techniques. Taking the radiosonde-derived IWV as reference, the MAB and SD of IWV differences are reduced by 19.5 % and 6.2 % on average, respectively. The number of unrealistic negative GPS IWV estimates are also substantially reduced by 92.4 % owing to the accurate Zenith Hydrostatic Delay (ZHD) derived by ERA5. The dataset is available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6973528 (Yuan et al., 2022).
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Peng Yuan et al.
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on essd-2022-274', Anonymous Referee #1, 28 Oct 2022
This paper is to present a high-quality global Integrated Water Vapour (IWV) dataset from 12,552 ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) stations in 2020. Although the IWV data is useful, while it has no new methods or IWV improvement. Furthermore, it did not show new performances or achievements in weather prediction. Therefore it is against publication in the current form.
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Peng Yuan, 27 Jan 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2022-274/essd-2022-274-AC1-supplement.pdf
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Peng Yuan, 27 Jan 2023
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RC2: 'Comment on essd-2022-274', Anonymous Referee #2, 14 Nov 2022
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2022-274/essd-2022-274-RC2-supplement.pdf
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Peng Yuan, 27 Jan 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2022-274/essd-2022-274-AC2-supplement.pdf
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Peng Yuan, 27 Jan 2023
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RC3: 'Comment on essd-2022-274', Anonymous Referee #3, 19 Nov 2022
Comments on “An enhanced integrated water vapour dataset from more than 10,000 global ground-based GPS stations in 2020” submitted by Yuan, P., Blewitt, G., Kreemer, C., Hammond, W.C., Argus, D., Yin, X., Van Malderen, R., Mayer, M., Jiang, W., Awange, J., and Kutterer, H to “Earth System Science Data”
The study of IWV is an important topic in GPS, geodesy and other areas such as climate. This work did a comprehensive analysis of the two sets of IWV data from more than 10,000 GPS stations. One is from the Nevada Geodetic Laboratory (NGL) and the other is generated by the authors who used the European ReAnalysis (ERA5) for the GPS IWV retrieval. It showed that the IWV dataset generated by the authors had a better quality than that from the NGL. The authors did extensive analysis and evaluation of the two datasets using IWV data from 182 radiosonde stations.
The comments are given below:
Line 44 “For instance, satellite measurements have good spatial coverage, but their spatiotemporal resolutions could be low” This is not completely correct. The remote sensing satellite water vapor data can have spatial resolution of 1 km or even dozens of meter. The temporal resolution can also be dozens of minutes e.g. geostationary satellites.
Line 46, IWV should have its full spelling in its first use.
Line 111, the first citation of the Figure 1 is at line 111. However the Figure 1 is placed ahead of line 111. It is suggested to move Figure 1 after line 111.
In Figure 1 and in the whole paper, only 182 radiosonde stations were used. There are many more radiosonde stations around the world. Why are only 182 radiosonde stations used?
Line 650, “Yuan, P., Blewitt, G., Kreemer, C., Hammond, W.C., Argus, D., Yin, X., Van Malderen, R., Mayer, M., Jiang, W., Awange, J., and Kutterer, H.: An enhanced integrated water vapour dataset from more than 10,000 global ground-based GPS stations in 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6973528, 2022.” Why do you cite this? Your paper is citing your paper?
The number of citations to your own papers is relatively high. Just cite closely relevant papers only.
In eq. (6), it seems you just consider the error in the conversion factor II. Why didn’t you consider the error in ZWD and its impact on IWV?
Below 2.4 Screening of IWV, “The 5-min enGPS IWV data…” I am puzzled how you got the enGPS data. It is understandable you got opGPS data from NGL.
Line 462, it reads “Both the mean LMS6-enGPS IWV differences at daytime and nighttime are negative with values of -1.5 and -0.7 kg m-2, respectively.” On line 464, it reads “By contrast, both the mean LMS6-enGPS IWV differences at daytime and nighttime are positive with values of 0.8 and 1.1 kg m-2, respectively.”
It seems these two are contradicting with each other.
Line 489, “Finally, it is noted that the enhanced conversion of GPS-estimated ZTD to IWV does not affect GPS position estimates.” It is not clear. Do you mean that the GPS positioning accuracy cannot be improved if the IWV is used in tropospheric error correction during GPS positioning calculation?
Line 490, “If higher resolution numerical models were implemented at the GPS data processing stage, then that should result in better position estimates together with the simultaneously estimated ZTD.” What higher resolution numerical models are to be implemented? Higher temporal resolution or higher spatial resolution or both? What numerical models are you talking about? Do you talk the ERA5 model or other models?
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AC3: 'Reply on RC3', Peng Yuan, 27 Jan 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2022-274/essd-2022-274-AC3-supplement.pdf
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AC3: 'Reply on RC3', Peng Yuan, 27 Jan 2023
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CC1: 'Comment on essd-2022-274', Frank Fell, 08 Dec 2022
We are currently establishing a total column water vapour data record from Sentinel-3 MWR observations covering the global ice-free global ocean. The dataset presented by Yuan et al. has a potential to serve as ground-truth and therefore is of significant interest to our work, especially since it contains many GPS coastal stations.
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AC4: 'Reply on CC1', Peng Yuan, 27 Jan 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2022-274/essd-2022-274-AC4-supplement.pdf
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AC4: 'Reply on CC1', Peng Yuan, 27 Jan 2023
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on essd-2022-274', Anonymous Referee #1, 28 Oct 2022
This paper is to present a high-quality global Integrated Water Vapour (IWV) dataset from 12,552 ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) stations in 2020. Although the IWV data is useful, while it has no new methods or IWV improvement. Furthermore, it did not show new performances or achievements in weather prediction. Therefore it is against publication in the current form.
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Peng Yuan, 27 Jan 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2022-274/essd-2022-274-AC1-supplement.pdf
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Peng Yuan, 27 Jan 2023
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RC2: 'Comment on essd-2022-274', Anonymous Referee #2, 14 Nov 2022
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2022-274/essd-2022-274-RC2-supplement.pdf
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Peng Yuan, 27 Jan 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2022-274/essd-2022-274-AC2-supplement.pdf
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Peng Yuan, 27 Jan 2023
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RC3: 'Comment on essd-2022-274', Anonymous Referee #3, 19 Nov 2022
Comments on “An enhanced integrated water vapour dataset from more than 10,000 global ground-based GPS stations in 2020” submitted by Yuan, P., Blewitt, G., Kreemer, C., Hammond, W.C., Argus, D., Yin, X., Van Malderen, R., Mayer, M., Jiang, W., Awange, J., and Kutterer, H to “Earth System Science Data”
The study of IWV is an important topic in GPS, geodesy and other areas such as climate. This work did a comprehensive analysis of the two sets of IWV data from more than 10,000 GPS stations. One is from the Nevada Geodetic Laboratory (NGL) and the other is generated by the authors who used the European ReAnalysis (ERA5) for the GPS IWV retrieval. It showed that the IWV dataset generated by the authors had a better quality than that from the NGL. The authors did extensive analysis and evaluation of the two datasets using IWV data from 182 radiosonde stations.
The comments are given below:
Line 44 “For instance, satellite measurements have good spatial coverage, but their spatiotemporal resolutions could be low” This is not completely correct. The remote sensing satellite water vapor data can have spatial resolution of 1 km or even dozens of meter. The temporal resolution can also be dozens of minutes e.g. geostationary satellites.
Line 46, IWV should have its full spelling in its first use.
Line 111, the first citation of the Figure 1 is at line 111. However the Figure 1 is placed ahead of line 111. It is suggested to move Figure 1 after line 111.
In Figure 1 and in the whole paper, only 182 radiosonde stations were used. There are many more radiosonde stations around the world. Why are only 182 radiosonde stations used?
Line 650, “Yuan, P., Blewitt, G., Kreemer, C., Hammond, W.C., Argus, D., Yin, X., Van Malderen, R., Mayer, M., Jiang, W., Awange, J., and Kutterer, H.: An enhanced integrated water vapour dataset from more than 10,000 global ground-based GPS stations in 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6973528, 2022.” Why do you cite this? Your paper is citing your paper?
The number of citations to your own papers is relatively high. Just cite closely relevant papers only.
In eq. (6), it seems you just consider the error in the conversion factor II. Why didn’t you consider the error in ZWD and its impact on IWV?
Below 2.4 Screening of IWV, “The 5-min enGPS IWV data…” I am puzzled how you got the enGPS data. It is understandable you got opGPS data from NGL.
Line 462, it reads “Both the mean LMS6-enGPS IWV differences at daytime and nighttime are negative with values of -1.5 and -0.7 kg m-2, respectively.” On line 464, it reads “By contrast, both the mean LMS6-enGPS IWV differences at daytime and nighttime are positive with values of 0.8 and 1.1 kg m-2, respectively.”
It seems these two are contradicting with each other.
Line 489, “Finally, it is noted that the enhanced conversion of GPS-estimated ZTD to IWV does not affect GPS position estimates.” It is not clear. Do you mean that the GPS positioning accuracy cannot be improved if the IWV is used in tropospheric error correction during GPS positioning calculation?
Line 490, “If higher resolution numerical models were implemented at the GPS data processing stage, then that should result in better position estimates together with the simultaneously estimated ZTD.” What higher resolution numerical models are to be implemented? Higher temporal resolution or higher spatial resolution or both? What numerical models are you talking about? Do you talk the ERA5 model or other models?
-
AC3: 'Reply on RC3', Peng Yuan, 27 Jan 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2022-274/essd-2022-274-AC3-supplement.pdf
-
AC3: 'Reply on RC3', Peng Yuan, 27 Jan 2023
-
CC1: 'Comment on essd-2022-274', Frank Fell, 08 Dec 2022
We are currently establishing a total column water vapour data record from Sentinel-3 MWR observations covering the global ice-free global ocean. The dataset presented by Yuan et al. has a potential to serve as ground-truth and therefore is of significant interest to our work, especially since it contains many GPS coastal stations.
-
AC4: 'Reply on CC1', Peng Yuan, 27 Jan 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2022-274/essd-2022-274-AC4-supplement.pdf
-
AC4: 'Reply on CC1', Peng Yuan, 27 Jan 2023
Peng Yuan et al.
Data sets
An enhanced integrated water vapour dataset from more than 10,000 global ground-based GPS stations in 2020 Yuan, Peng; Blewitt, Geoffrey; Kreemer, Corné; Hammond, William C.; Argus, Donald; Yin, Xungang; Van Malderen, Roeland; Mayer, Michael; Jiang, Weiping; Awange, Joseph; Kutterer, Hansjörg https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6973528
Peng Yuan et al.
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