Functional trait databases are emerging as a crucial tool
for a wide range of ecological studies, including next-generation vegetation modelling across the world. However, few large-scale studies have
been reported on plant traits in the Tibetan Plateau (TP), the cradle of
East Asian flora and fauna with specific alpine ecosystems, and no report on plant trait databases could be found. In this work, an extensive dataset of
11 leaf functional traits (TiP-Leaf), mainly for herbs and shrubs and a few trees on the TP, was compiled through field surveys. The TiP-Leaf dataset,
which was compiled from 336 sites distributed mainly on the plateau surface and the northern margin of the TP across alpine and temperate vegetation
regions and sampled from 2018 to 2021, contained 1692 morphological trait
measurements of leaf thickness, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, leaf
dry-matter content, leaf water content, leaf area, specific leaf area and
leaf mass per area and 1645 chemical element trait measurements of leaf
carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents. Thus, 468 species that belong to
184 genera and 51 families were obtained and measured. In addition to leaf
trait measurements, the geographic coordinates, bioclimate variables,
disturbance intensities and vegetation types of each site were also recorded. The dataset could provide solid data support to effectively quantify the
modern ecological features of alpine ecosystems, thereby further evaluating
the response of alpine ecosystems to climate change and human disturbances and improving the next-generation vegetation model. The dataset, which is
available from the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center (TPDC; Jin et al.,
2022a; https://doi.org/10.11888/Terre.tpdc.272516), can make a great
contribution to the regional and global plant trait databases.
Introduction
Plant traits of morphological, anatomical, physiological and phenological
characteristics respond to changes in the living environment, affect
ecosystem functions (Díaz and Cabido, 2001) and drive species
coexistence under environmental constraints (Violle et al., 2007). Over the
past 3 decades, a growing body of trait analyses has quantified the global and regional distribution patterns of key functional traits, such as
leaf (Reich and Oleksyn, 2004; Wright et al., 2004), seed size (Moles et
al., 2007), plant height (Moles et al., 2009), wood (Chave et al., 2009),
plant form and function (Díaz et al., 2016), root (Ma et al., 2018)
and flower (Roddy et al., 2021). Such studies have successfully linked plant
traits with environmental changes (Meng et al., 2009, 2015; Myers-Smith et
al., 2019; Maes et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2022), natural and anthropogenic
disturbances (Díaz et al., 2007) and ecosystem functions (Reichstein
et al., 2014). Findings from plant trait–environment–ecosystem function
interaction could be further utilised to map the spatial pattern of plant
traits (Butler et al., 2018), build the next generation of vegetation models (Berzaghi et al., 2020), predict vegetation distribution (van Bodegom et al., 2014) and function (Wang et al., 2017) and be incorporated into the
Earth system model (Wullschleger et al., 2014). New insights into ecosystem
traits (He et al., 2019) and the trait network (He et al., 2020) are bridging multiple dimensions of biology, macroecology and geoscience. All these works
require global and regional plant trait databases, such as the TRY (Kattge
et al., 2011, 2020), Growth-Form (Taseski et al., 2019), Global Inventory of
Floras and Traits (Weigelt et al., 2019), Fine-Root (Iversen et al., 2017),
GRoot (Guerrero-Ramírez et al., 2021) and tundra traits (Bjorkman et al., 2018) and the Plant Trait for Mediterranean Basin Species (BROT) (Tavşanoğlu and Pausas, 2018), China traits (Wang et al., 2018),
AusTraits (Falster et al., 2021) and LT-Brazil (Mariano et al., 2021).
Plant trait databases across various biomes at global, continental and
regional scales have increased greatly, even in some remote areas with logistical difficulties, including the tundra (Bjorkman et al., 2018) and
tropical (Mariano et al., 2021) regions. However, the Earth still has undersampled regions. The Tibetan Plateau (TP) includes the two major regions of Qinghai Province and the Xizang Autonomous Region and partial areas from north-western Gansu Province, southern Xinjiang Autonomous Region, western Sichuan Province and north-western Yunnan Province in China and is also called the “Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau”. As the world's “Third Pole”, the “Asia Water Tower” and the cradle of East Asian
flora, the TP is the most underrepresented region in global and regional plant trait databases. The first version of the Chinese plant trait database
(Wang et al., 2018) does not contain data from the TP, and the global plant
trait database TRY (Kattge et al., 2020) has only a few collections from
various sources with non-systematic sampling. Field-based, local studies of
plant functional traits on the TP have made some interesting advances. For example, Luo et al. (2005) linked the plant traits with ecosystem functions,
He et al. (2006) explored the influencing factors on plant traits, Geng et
al. (2014) quantified the patterns of plant trait correlations between
above- and below-ground components, Wang et al. (2020) compared their work
with the global dataset, and Xu et al. (2021) analysed the mechanism of plant trait variation along the altitude pattern. However, such works, where the sampling sites have been mostly along the main roads in the eastern TP, were also
limited. Plant trait records from the central to western TP are extremely rare. However, the TP has the richest temperate alpine flora (Ding et al., 2020)
and the most abundant plant diversity in the world (Wang and Hong, 2022).
It was also an evolutionary cradle for the herbaceous genera of China (Lu et
al., 2018). The uplift of the TP and its unique alpine vegetation are
important to the monsoon climate system and vegetation of East Asia (Chang, 1983) and regional and global climate change studies (Piao et al.,
2019).
As the largest and highest plateau in the world, the TP has not only changed
the regional and global climate system, geological structure, topography and
hydrology (Yao et al., 2012), but has also influenced the evolution of the flora, fauna and biodiversity strongly (Ding et al., 2020). It has 8876 vascular species from 1371 genera and 211 families, including 6475 herbaceous and
2401 woody plants, of which 1706 were endemic to the TP (Yan et al., 2013), and has three biodiversity hotspots of the world (Sloan et al., 2014; Wang
and Hong, 2022). Vegetation changes from south-east to north-west, from lowland broad-leaved evergreen forests, including tropical rainforest and subtropical evergreen forest, montane mixed evergreen and deciduous forest,
subalpine conifer forest to alpine shrubland, meadow, steppe and desert
along an annual precipitation gradient from ca. 3000 to 50 mm (Chang,
1983). In physiognomy, the unique alpine vegetation looks similar to the
arctic tundra but has different species composition. The plateau has
amplified changes in climates (Chen et al., 2015), and rapid climate change
has led to profound changes in alpine species and ecosystems (Zhang et al.,
2015; Piao et al., 2019). Plant traits, as the link amongst species,
environment and ecosystem functions, are the best tools to study the impacts
of climate change on vegetation. Therefore, the establishment of the TP plant trait database and further analysis of plant trait–environment–ecosystem
function relationships are of great significance to understanding the future
change and sustainable development of the unique alpine vegetation on the
roof of the world.
In this work, a TP leaf trait dataset (TiP-Leaf) was established, and 11
leaf traits from 468 species of 1692 leaf samples were collected from 336
sites across five of the six vegetation types on the TP. The climate data of
the sites were also provided. This dataset is not only an update of the
Chinese plant trait database, but is also a great contribution to the global trait database.
Study areas
The leaf traits of the dominant and common plant species of the TP distributed mostly across the plateau surface were sampled and measured from July to
August in the summer of 2018–2021. Vegetation surveys were conducted in
four regions (Fig. 1), namely the source area of the Three Rivers in
Qinghai Province in the north-eastern TP (2018), the southern Xizang Autonomous Region
in the south-eastern and central TP (2019), Ngari Prefecture in the north-western TP and the
Qaidam Basin of the north-eastern TP (2020), and the Qilian Mountains, the Altun Mountains and the Kunlun Mountains in the northern margin of the TP, passing
through the southern margin of the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang Autonomous Region
(2021).
Location and administrative division of the TP. The red
line indicates the boundary of the TP in China, which involves six
administrative divisions (light black lines): Xizang, Qinghai, Sichuan,
Xinjiang, Gansu and Yunnan. The bold black lines represent important
mountains. Four blocks with different colours represent the approximate
areas of four investigations conducted in various years. The background map
is from the Chinese National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping.
Materials and methodsSampling sites
Considering the zonal vegetation types and the precipitation gradient, 336
sites (Fig. 2) were selected to investigate the vegetation with less grazing
and other anthropogenic disturbances. Shrubby and herbaceous vegetation was mainly selected (332 sites) along with the forest vegetation at the four sites (but removed for further analysis). At each site, one to three plots were set up to survey the species composition, abundance, coverage and plant height.
The plot areas for herbaceous vegetation, shrubby vegetation and forest
vegetation were 1 m × 1 m, 2 m × 2 m or 5 m × 5 m
and 10 m × 10 m, respectively. Geographical locations, natural and
human disturbances, and vegetation types were also recorded (Jin et al.,
2022b). The dominant and common plant species at each site were determined by visual inspection, the leaf samples of these plants were picked up, and
the leaf traits were measured. Root samples were obtained using the soil pit method. The root traits were also measured but are not shown in this paper.
Site distribution of the TiP-Leaf dataset. Vegetation
regions were extracted from the vegetation regionalisation of China (ECVMC,
2007b): III, Warm Temperate Deciduous Broad-leaf Forest Region; IV, Subtropical Broad-leaf Evergreen Forest Region; V, Tropical Monsoon Rain Forest and Rain
Forest Region; VI, Temperate Steppe Region; VII, Temperate Desert Region; VIII, TP
Alpine Vegetation Region. VIIIA, East TP Alpine Scrub and Alpine Meadow
Subregion; VIIIB, Middle TP Alpine Steppe Subregion; VIIIC, Northwest TP Alpine
Desert Subregion. Vegetation types were classified on the basis of field
records. Numbers indicate the vegetation types recorded in the field. 1,
coniferous forest; 2, alpine shrubland; 3, alpine meadow; 4, alpine steppe;
5, alpine desert; 6, temperate desert; 7, temperate steppe; 8, temperate
meadow. The background map is from the Chinese National Bureau of Surveying
and Mapping.
Relationship between the site-based average of key leaf traits in the TiP-Leaf dataset. The black dot indicates the mean leaf trait
measurements of all species at the site, and the straight line represents the fitting of the linear model. r2 is the adjusted r2, and p
represents the probability value of the regression model.
The vegetation of the TP was classified into eight types: high-cold (alpine) shrubland, meadow, steppe and desert, temperate steppe, meadow and
desert, and coniferous forest, on the basis of field records (Fig. 2).
Alpine shrubland is dominated by evergreen broad-leaved shrubs
(Rhododendron), deciduous broad-leaved shrubs (Salix, Dasiphora and Sibiraea) and evergreen coniferous shrubs (Juniperus) that are distributed in the cold and semi-humid south-eastern TP (ca. 600–1000 mm yr-1). Alpine meadow is widely developed in the eastern TP, where cold and wet climates are prevalent (ca. 600 mm yr-1), dominated by several
Kobresia species and mixed in with perennial forbs and cushion plants. Alpine steppe
is in the central TP, with a large continuous distribution adapted to the cold and semi-dry continental climate (ca. 200 mm yr-1) and mainly composed
of Stipa and Artemisia. Alpine desert is mainly distributed in the north-western TP, where the climate is extremely continental (ca. 50 mm yr-1) and dominated by
Krascheninnikovia compacta and Ajania tibetica. Temperate meadow, steppe and desert are distributed on the northern margin of the TP and the Qaidam Basin of the north-eastern TP, where elevations are lower and the climate is relatively dry, dominated by several xerophytes,
especially Haloxylon ammodendron, Halogeton glomeratus, Phragmites australis, Ephedra, Kalidium, Calligonum and Tamarix. Subalpine coniferous (Abies and Picea) forests are found
on the south-eastern and eastern margins. Therefore, the vegetation of the plateau is distributed along a transitional gradient from south-east to north-west, ranging from subalpine forests, alpine meadow and scrub to alpine
steppe and temperate desert to alpine desert. The alpine vegetation in the
vegetation classification of China was usually called high-cold vegetation
(ECVMC, 2007a). Lowland tropical and montane subtropical evergreen
forests do not exist in the sampling area. Hence, they are not included in
this study.
Each site was also assigned to a vegetation region on the basis of the
vegetation regionalisation of China (ECVMC, 2007b). The TP has six
vegetation regions, namely the Alpine Vegetation Region, Temperate Steppe Region, Temperate Desert Region, Warm Temperate Deciduous Broad-leaf Forest
Region, Subtropical Broad-leaf Evergreen Forest Region and Tropical Monsoon
Rain Forest and Rain Forest Region. The sampling sites were mainly
concentrated in the Alpine Vegetation Region. Therefore, in accordance with
the degree of drought, the Selianinov drought index used in the Vegetation
Regionalisation Map of China (ECVMC, 2007b), TP vegetation was further
divided into three subregions from south-east to north-west, namely the East TP Alpine Scrub and Alpine Meadow Subregion, the Middle TP Alpine Steppe Subregion and the Northwest TP Alpine Desert Subregion.
The plant name was determined in accordance with Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (Editorial Committee of
Flora of China, 1959–2004), Flora Qinghaiica (Editorial Committee of the Flora Qinghaiica, 1996–1999), Flora Xizangica (Integrated Scientific Expedition to Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
1983–1987), Flora of Gansu (Editorial Committee of
Flora of Gansu, 2005), Flora Xinjiangensis
(Commissione Redactorum Flora Xinjiangensis, 1992–1996) and Flora in Desertis Reipublicae Populorum Sinarum (Liu, 1985–1992). The final species correction was
based on the iPlant website (http://www.iplant.cn/, last access: 7 April 2022), which merged all of the
information from the Chinese and English versions of Flora of China on the basis of the APG IV classification (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2016).
Leaf trait measurements
At each site, two to three mature and disease-free complete leaves from each individual of dominant and common plant species were collected, and at least
30 individuals were selected to meet the needs of trait measurement and
element analysis. When the single leaf was small, microphyllous or leptophyllous, 100–200 leaves were picked. In total, 11 leaf functional traits (e.g. leaf
thickness, LT; fresh weight, FW; dry weight, DW; leaf dry-matter content,
LDMC; leaf water content, LWC; leaf area, LA; specific leaf area, SLA; leaf
mass per area, LMA; leaf carbon content, LCC; leaf nitrogen content, LNC; leaf phosphorus content, LPC) were measured and calculated on the basis
of the handbook of standardised measurement for plant functional traits
worldwide (Cornelissen et al., 2003; Pérez-Harguindeguy et al., 2013).
LT (mm) was measured on the sampling day by using Vernier callipers with an
accuracy of 0.01 mm. The thickness in the middle of the vein and margin of
each leaf was measured, and then the average of the five leaves was taken as
the LT of a species. In addition to LT, 20–30 leaves for normal-leaved
plants and 100–200 leaves for small- to leptophyll-leaved plants were generally selected for other trait variable measurements. FW (g) was
obtained by weighing with a 1/100 electronic balance. Subsequently, the fresh leaves were oven dried at 75 ∘C for 48–72 h to obtain the DW
(g). LDMC was measured as follows: LDMC (g g-1) = DW/FW.
LA (cm2) was measured using a scanner (EPSON Perfection V 700 Photo
Scanner) and software (WinFOLIA Pro, Canada). SLA and LMA were measured as follows: SLA (cm2 g-1) = LA/DW and LMA (g m-2) = DW/LA × 104. The dried leaves were further used
for chemical analysis. LCC (mg g-1), LNC (mg g-1) and LPC (mg g-1) were determined by
the outside-temperature hot potassium dichromate oxidation–volumetric method (Wu, 2007), the distillation–titration method and the vanadium molybdate yellow
colorimetric method (Fang et al., 2011), respectively.
Climate data
The climate data of each sampling site were extracted from the climate and
bioclimate datasets of China (Cheng et al., 2022; Wei et al., 2022). China's
climate dataset consists of three variables (monthly temperature,
precipitation and sunshine percentage) that were averaged from long-term
records from 1981 to 2010 at 2152 meteorological stations across China
(China Meteorological Data Service Centre, http://data.cma.cn, last access: 1 June 2021). These three
climate factors and the absolute maximum and minimum temperatures during the
30-year period of 1981–2010 were interpolated into 1 km grid cells by using
a surface fitting technique of a thin-plate smoothing spline (ANUSPLIN version 4.4, Hutchinson and Xu, 2013; Xu and Hutchinson, 2013) that considered the
impact of elevation on climates on the basis of the digital elevation model
of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (Farr et al., 2007). The
interpolated climate data were used to drive a bioclimate software
(Gallego-Sala et al., 2010) to calculate the mean annual temperature (MAT),
mean temperature of the coldest month (MTCO), mean temperature of the
warmest month (MTWA), annual growing degree days above 0
(GDD0) and 5 ∘C (GDD5), mean annual precipitation
(MAP), growing season precipitation (GP), annual drought index (1-AET/PET), and annual moisture index (MAP/PET), where AET and PET refer to the annual
actual evapotranspiration and annual potential evapotranspiration,
respectively.
Data analysis
Besides the data description of leaf trait characteristics, six key leaf functional traits (e.g. LT, LDMC, SLA, LCC, LNC and LPC) that reflect the
key ecological significance of plants that grew at high altitude and in an extremely cold environment were selected in this paper for further simple statistical analyses. LT affects the water supply and storage of leaves and
the exchange process of matter and energy in photosynthesis. LDMC reflects the ability of plants to acquire surrounding environmental resources. SLA is
considered the first-choice index for studying plant physiological and ecological strategies under specific environmental conditions. LCC is the main structural material of plants. LNC characterises the ability of plants
to absorb and utilise nutrient elements. LPC is the second-largest element that affects plant growth. The mean, minimum, maximum, standard
deviation and coefficient of variation (CV) of traits at each site were calculated to generally show the pattern of leaf traits of the Tibetan ecosystems. The
linear relationships between leaf traits of the site average were analysed and mapped using the Origin software to reveal the
trade-off between different traits in the special alpine ecosystem. The
detailed analyses of all the leaf traits, their variations and their spatial patterns within and amongst functional groups and at species and site
levels will be further analysed in another paper.
Summary of leaf functional traits in the TiP-Leaf dataset.
A total of 11 key plant leaf traits of 1692 individuals of 468 species from
336 sites were measured (Figs. 1 and 2).
The sampling sites were located on the north-eastern, central to south-western and northern margins of the TP, along with 145 sites in Xizang, 121 sites in Qinghai, 43 sites in Xinjiang, 16 sites in Gansu and 11 sites in Sichuan
(Fig. 1). The south-eastern TP, where forest ecosystems are distributed, has few plant trait data. However, field measurements are being conducted in the
Hengduan Mountains to measure the leaf, twig and root traits of dominant and
common trees and shrubs. Other ecologists have worked on some parts of this
region to perform leaf and other trait studies (Luo et al., 2005; Shi et
al., 2012; Vandvik et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2021). The Hoh Xil dead zone in
the central northern to north-western TP is logistically not accessible during the plant growing season when the frozen ground is melting. Therefore, the plant
trait data have been unavailable to date.
Altitudinal range of sites
The altitudinal range of the sampling sites was between 805 and 5343 m, in which 69.3 % of the sites were located at the high altitudes (>3500 m), 18.5 % of the sites were located in the Qaidam Basin and eastern Qinghai with lower altitudes (2500–3500 m) and 12.2 % of the sites were
located on the northern margin of the TP with the lowest altitudes (<2500 m).
Vegetation types of sites
In accordance with the field records, the vegetation was divided into eight
types, along with 108 sites in alpine meadow, 87 sites in alpine steppe, 61
sites in temperate desert, 38 sites in alpine shrubland, 16 sites in alpine
desert, 15 sites in temperate meadow, 7 sites in temperate steppe and 4
sites in forest. In addition, the number of sites in the TP Alpine
Vegetation Region was the most abundant (63.1 %), including its three subregions, namely the Middle TP Alpine Steppe Subregion (33.9 %), the East TP Alpine Scrub and Alpine Meadow Subregion (20.8 %) and the
Northwest TP Alpine Desert Subregion (8.3 %), followed by the Temperate
Desert Region (29.4 %) and other vegetation regions (7.5 %), which are
the Subtropical Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest Region (3.9 %), the Temperate Steppe Region (2.4 %) and the Warm Temperate Deciduous Broad-leaved Forest Region
(1.2 %), as shown in Fig. 2.
Data description of species and traitsPlant species
A total of 1692 leaf samples were collected and measured in the TiP-Leaf
dataset, including 468 species that belong to 184 genera in 51 families
(amongst them, 17 samples were identified as genera, 6 samples were
identified as families and 1 sample could not be identified). Some species
were sampled frequently. For example, Kobresia pygmaea occurred 52 times, mainly in the eastern and
southern TP. Stipa purpurea occurred 47 times, mainly in the central and western TP. Potentilla bifurca occurred 41 times, mainly in the southern, western and north-eastern TP. However, at some sites, only one or two species were sampled, especially in the Qaidam Basin and the
northern margin of the TP. The top five families with the largest number of sampled species were as follows: Asteraceae (83 species and 24 genera),
Poaceae (47 species and 18 genera), Fabaceae (46 species and 11 genera),
Cyperaceae (29 species and 4 genera) and Rosaceae (28 species and 10 genera). Amongst the 468 species, 79 species, including Rhodiola smithii, Pomatosace filicula, Oxytropis sericopetala, Arenaria gerzensis, Onosma waltonii,
Delphinium qinghaiense, Metaeritrichium microuloides and Androsace cuttingii, were unique to the TP. Furthermore, two (Rosa rugosa and Rheum globulosum) were endangered species, seven (Arnebia guttata, Tamarix taklamakanensis, Rhodiola smithii, Juniperus tibetica, Reaumuria kaschgarica, Rheum tanguticum and Metaeritrichium microuloides) were vulnerable species and
10 (Myricaria prostrata, Euphorbia kozlovii, Hippophae tibetana, Phlomis pygmaea, Physochlaina praealta, Gentiana siphonantha, Astragalus handelii, Androsace cuttingii, Carex nakaoana and Leiospora exscapa) were near-threatened species in the TiP-Leaf
dataset.
Leaf trait variations
The site-level leaf traits are shown in Table 1. The variation of each leaf
trait was significant. In particular, DW, FW and LA varied by more than
150 %, followed by LT and LWC. The variations of LMA, SLA, LDMC, LCC, LNC
and LPC were slightly modest, relatively.
Leaf trait relationships
The fitting of linear models of the site averages of the six leaf traits
(Fig. 3) showed that LT was significantly negatively correlated with LDMC
(r2=0.1339; p<0.05; Fig. 3a), SLA (r2=0.0533; p<0.05; Fig. 3b) and LCC (r2=0.2755; p<0.05; Fig. 3c) with downward trends. No relationship was found between LT
and LNC (r2=-0.0028; p>0.05; Fig. 3d) nor LPC
(r2=0.0055; p>0.05; Fig. 3e). The results also revealed
that LDMC was significantly negatively correlated with SLA (r2=0.0630; p<0.05; Fig. 3f), LNC (r2=0.0335; p<0.05;
Fig. 3h) and LPC (r2=0.0649; p<0.05; Fig. 3i) and
significantly positively correlated with LCC (r2=0.0526; p<0.05; Fig. 3g). In addition, linearly inversed relationships were observed
between SLA and LCC (r2=0.0371; p<0.05; Fig. 3j) and LNC
(r2=0.0566; p<0.05; Fig. 3k) and LPC (r2=0.1776;
p<0.05; Fig. 3l). The three leaf chemical traits were also related
to one another, and the relationship between LNC and LPC (r2=0.2481; p<0.05; Fig. 3o) was closer than that between LNC and LCC
(r2=0.0552; p<0.05; Fig. 3m) and between LPC and LCC
(r2=0.0879; p<0.05; Fig. 3n).
Summary information found in the TiP-Leaf dataset.
HeadingDescriptionTypeSiteSite number based on sampling timeCodeLatLatitude (decimal degrees)NumericLongLongitude (decimal degrees)NumericElev.Elevation (m)IntegerAnimal intensityAnimal activity intensityCharacterHuman intensityHuman interference intensityCharacterVegetation typeVegetation type from the field surveyCharacterVegetation regionVegetation region from the vegetation mapCharacterMATMean annual temperature (∘C)NumericMTCOMean temperature of the coldest monthNumericMTWAMean temperature of the warmest monthNumericGDD0Annual growing degree days above 0 ∘CNumericGDD5Annual growing degree days above 5 ∘CNumericMAPMean annual precipitation (mm)NumericGPGrowing season precipitation (mm)NumericMIMoisture indexNumericDIDrought indexNumericSoil typeSoil type from the Resource and Environment Science and Data Center (http://www.resdc.cn, last access: 18 November 2022)NumericSpeciesScientific nameCharacterFamilyBotanical familyCharacterGrowth formTrees, shrubs, semi-shrubs and herbsCharacterLife formDeciduous and evergreen; annual and perennialCharacterLTLeaf thickness (mm)NumericFWFresh weight (g)NumericDWDry weight (g)NumericLDMCLeaf dry-matter content (g g-1)NumericLWCLeaf water content (g g-1)NumericLALeaf area (cm2)NumericSLASpecific leaf area (cm2 g-1)NumericLMALeaf mass per area (g m-2)NumericLCCLeaf carbon concentration (mg g-1)NumericLNCLeaf nitrogen concentration (mg g-1)NumericLPCLeaf phosphorus concentration (mg g-1)NumericData availability
The TiP-Leaf dataset comprises three data sheets in Microsoft Excel format,
namely (a) a data sheet named “variables”, which describes the header information of the geographical coordinates, climate and traits in the
dataset (Table 2), (b) a data sheet (site information) that reports the site location and climate data and (c) a data sheet (plant traits) of the
complete trait data of each plant species at each sampling site. As studies based on the TiP-Leaf dataset are already underway, researchers interested
in using such data previously are strongly recommended to contact the
authors to avoid overlapping studies. The dataset will be available through
the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center (TPDC; Jin et al., 2022a;
https://doi.org/10.11888/Terre.tpdc.272516) and shall also be made available
via the global TRY plant trait database (Kattge et al., 2011, 2020;
https://www.try-db.org/, last access: 18 July 2022).
Summary
The TiP-Leaf dataset was compiled from direct field measurements, covering a
great proportion of plant species and vegetation types on the highest
plateau in the world. The dataset provides an important data foundation not only for quantitative analyses of modern alpine vegetation, but also for the
prediction of future responses of alpine ecosystems to climate change and improvement of next-generation vegetation models. It could also be used to
promote vegetation protection and restoration on the TP and contribute to the global plant trait database. However, the dataset also presents some
unavoidable limitations. For example, the establishment of sampling sites
and the judgment of dominant and common species are mostly subjective. The
leaves of some plants are extremely small, resulting in incomplete
recognition when scanning the LA. Due to harsh field conditions, measuring
the plant traits in time occasionally becomes impossible. Preventing some leaves from losing too much water to withering is still inevitable, although
we have taken protective measures for the leaves. Inadequate collection of
some leaf samples results in fewer data of plant chemical element content than that of morphological traits. In any case, performing large-scale
collection of plant traits on the TP, which requires a lot of manpower and
material resources as well as overcoming the adverse environment of high altitude and extreme variability, is not easy.
The dataset in this study provides more leaf trait measurements and covers
more sampling sites, which were located not only along the main roads, but also the accessible pathlets, than previous studies (Luo et al., 2005; He et
al., 2006; He et al., 2010; Geng et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2020; Xu et al.,
2021). This dataset is the first plant trait one that represents all of the alpine vegetation on the TP. However, more collections of trait data are needed in remote areas with assessable difficulty, such as the Hoh Xil
dead zone in the north-western TP (alpine meadow, steppe and desert vegetation) and the mountainous areas of the eastern and south-eastern TP with fewer trait studies (subalpine and alpine forest and shrubland vegetation). These works could
enhance the representativeness of the whole TiP-Leaf trait database in terms
of geographical space and vegetation type. Given the complex topography of
the plateau, more sites are requested to be surveyed. Given the flourishing
of alpine flora, traits from more plant species should be measured. At
present, the TiP-Leaf dataset consists of leaf traits only. The TiP-Root
trait dataset is underway, and the trait data of the twigs and branches of woody species will be measured further.
The supplement related to this article is available online at: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-25-2023-supplement.
Author contributions
JN conceived the study. KL, YJ and JN led the
field works. YJ, HW, JX, YH, JH, LW, KW, HX and BZ collected leaf samples and measured
plant traits. YJ, HW and JX processed the dataset, performed the analyses
and wrote the first draft. JN and YJ improved the manuscript. All the authors approved the final version of the submitted manuscript.
Competing interests
The contact author has declared that none of the authors has any competing interests.
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Special issue statement
This article is part of the special issue “Extreme environment datasets for the three poles”. It is not associated with a conference.
Acknowledgements
The authors sincerely thank Chenyu Li, Tudan Luosang, Yezi Sheng, Pingyu Sun and Deyu Xu for their help in the field survey and Jun Li,
Ang Liu, Rui Tang and Xinxin Zhou for helping with specimen identification.
Financial support
This work was supported by the Second Tibetan
Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP (grant no. 2019QZKK0402)) and
the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
(grant no. XDA2009000003).
Review statement
This paper was edited by David Carlson and reviewed by two anonymous referees.
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